Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds Chapter 16 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds

Why Do Atoms Combine???

The nucleus, containing protons and neutrons, is at the center of an atom and is surrounded by the electron cloud, an area of space around the nucleus where electrons travel.

1. Electrons have a negative charge and do not travel in well-defined orbits. 2. Each element has a different atomic structure consisting of a particular number of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

B. The number and arrangement of electrons in the electron cloud determines the physical and chemical properties of the element. 1. Electrons are arranged in different energy levels at different distances from the nucleus. 2. The farther an energy level is from the nucleus, the more electrons it can hold.

3. Electrons in the level closest to the nucleus have the lowest amount of energy; electrons farthest from the nucleus have the highest amount of energy (pg.466). Level 1: 2 Level 2: 8 Level 3: 18 Level 4: 32

C. Data from the periodic table can be used to understand energy levels (pg 467). 1. The atomic number is the same as the number of protons (or electrons) in an electrically neutral atom. 2. The number of electrons in an element’s outermost energy level increases from left to right across a period.

a. The first energy level is complete with two electrons, and the first period has two elements (pg. 467). b. The last element in each of the other periods has eight electrons in its outer energy level. 3. Each column in the periodic table contains one element family or group with similar chemical properties.

a. The noble gases in Group 18 do not combine easily with other elements because their energy levels are stable. b. The halogens have 7 electrons in their outer energy levels; reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group. c. The alkali metals in Group 1 have one electron in their outer energy level; reactivity of the alkali metals increases down the group.

D. An electron dot diagram is the symbol for the element surrounded by as many dots as there are electrons in its outer energy level (valence electrons). 1. Dots are written on four sides of the element symbol. a. One dot represents a single electron. b. Paired electrons are represented by two dots.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2. A chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together. a 2. A chemical bond is the force that holds two atoms together. a. Electron dot diagrams can be used to show how atoms bond with each other. b. Atoms bond with other atoms so that each atom has a stable energy level.

Discussion Question Why do atoms bond?????

Answer So that each atom can have a stable energy level

How Elements Bond

Atoms form bonds by losing electrons, by gaining electrons, by pooling electrons, or by sharing electrons (472). 1. An atom that is no longer neutral because it lost or gained an electron is called an ion. 2. An ionic bond forms when positive and negative ions attract each other.

b. Two or more elements that are chemically bonded form a compound. a. Sodium chloride is formed from sodium ions and chloride ions. b. Two or more elements that are chemically bonded form a compound. 3. Some atoms can gain or lose more than one electron when they form ions. B. Metallic bonds form when metal atoms share their pooled electrons (474).

C. A covalent bond forms between atoms that share electrons. 1 C. A covalent bond forms between atoms that share electrons. 1. Atoms sharing electrons form a neutral particle called a molecule. a. Covalently bonded compounds are called molecular compounds. b. No electrons are gained or lost. 2. Two pairs of electrons are involved in a double bond (476).

D. A polar bond occurs when electrons are unevenly shared (477). 1 D. A polar bond occurs when electrons are unevenly shared (477). 1. Polar molecules such as water have two opposite ends, or poles, like a magnet. 2. Nonpolar bonds form between atoms of the same element. E. Symbols are used to represent atoms and compounds.

2. Compounds are described using element symbols and numbers. 1. Elements are represented by a one-, two-, or three-letter symbol. 2. Compounds are described using element symbols and numbers. 3. In the formula H2, the small 2 after the H is called a subscript, and indicates the number of atoms of hydrogen that are in the molecule.

4. A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers 4. A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols and numbers. a. It tells which elements are present and how many atoms of each element are present. b. No subscript means that one atom of that element is present.

Discussion Question What is a polar molecule??????????????

Answer A molecule in which electrons are unevenly shared resulting in the molecule having positive and negative poles like a magnet.