Lecture №1 Role of science in modern society. Role of science in modern society.

Science - a sphere of human activity, aimed at developing new knowledge about nature, society and thought.

The term "science" includes both activities aimed at obtaining new knowledge, and the result of this activity - the amount of acquired scientific knowledge, which is the basis of scientific understanding of the world. Science is understood as a form of human consciousness. The term "science" used to name specific areas of scientific knowledge.

Principles of operation and development of science, structure and dynamics of scientific knowledge and scientific activities, interaction with other social science institutions and spheres of material and spiritual life of society is studying special discipline - Science of science.

One of the main tasks of Science of science is to develop a classification of science, which determines the location of each science in the common system of scientific knowledge, the connection of all sciences. The most common is the distribution of all sciences to the science of nature, society and thought.

The process of movement of human thought from ignorance to knowledge is called knowledge, which is based on reflection and reproduction in the mind of objective reality. Scientific knowledge - a study that characterized its specific goals and objectives, methods of obtaining and verification of new knowledge. It reaches the essence of phenomena, revealing the laws of their existence and development, thereby indicating practice opportunities, ways and means of influence on these events and changes according to their objective nature. Scientific knowledge is intended to illuminate the path of practice, provide the theoretical basis for solving practical problems

The basis and driving force of knowledge is experience, it gives the science facts, which requires theoretical understanding. Theoretical knowledge creates a solid basis for understanding the phenomena of objective reality.

Knowledge reduced to answer several questions that can be represented schematically as follows: What? how much? why? what? how? - These questions must be answered science. How do I do? - This question gives the answer method. What to do? - An area of ​​ practice.

Questions lead to the immediate goals of science - description, explanation and prediction of processes and phenomena of objective reality that is the subject of its study on the basis of laws which it opens, that is, in a broad sense - theoretically true.

True knowledge exist as a system of principles, laws, legislation, basic concepts, scientific facts, theoretical statements and conclusions. Therefore, the true objective scientific knowledge. However, scientific knowledge may be relative or absolute. Relative knowledge - a knowledge which, being mostly an adequate reflection of reality is different to some incomplete match the image of the object. Absolute knowledge - it is a complete, comprehensive rendering of generalized concepts of object that fully match the image of the object.

The scientific idea - an intuitive explanation of the phenomenon (process) without intermediate argument, without awareness of the totality of relationships on which it is concluded. It is based on existing knowledge, but reveals the previously observed patterns. Science provides two types of ideas: constructive and destructive, that is, those who have or not have relevance for science and practice. His specific materialization of the idea found in the hypothesis.

Hypothesis - scientific assumptions put forward to explain any phenomena (processes) or reasons given for this result. Scientific theory includes the hypothesis as a starting point the search for truth, which helps to significantly save time and effort, specifically to collect and classify facts. There are zero, descriptive (conceptual and terminological), explanatory, conceptual and basic working hypothesis. If the hypothesis is consistent with scientific facts, in science it is called a theory or law.

Law - significant internal communication events that leads to their logical development. Law, invented by guess, you must then logically prove that only in this case it is recognized by science. To prove the law of science is using judgment

Judgment - an opinion which by means of communication concepts claimed or denied anything. Judgments about the object or phenomenon can be obtained either through direct observation of any fact or indirectly - by means of deduction.

Deduction - mental operation by which a certain number of given statements displayed a different judgment, which in some way connected with the original.

The scientific concept - a system of beliefs, theoretical positions, the basic ideas of the object of study, which combined some main idea. The idea - the definition of content, essentially meaning of what is at stake.

The concept - this idea is reflected in the generalized form. It reflects the significant and necessary features of objects and phenomena, and relationships. If the concept was incorporated into scientific use his mark in a word or use a set of words - terms.

Scientific fact - an event or phenomenon that is the basis for the conclusion or confirmation. It is an element which together with other forms the basis of scientific knowledge reflects objective properties of phenomena and processes. On the basis of scientific facts determined by the laws of phenomena, theories are constructed and derived laws.

The movement of thought from ignorance to knowledge is guided by the methodology. The methodology of scientific knowledge - the study of the principles, forms and methods of research activities. The method of research - a way to use old knowledge to gain new knowledge. It is a means of obtaining scientific facts.

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