PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 1 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body: An Orientation PART 1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Overview of Anatomy  Anatomy  The study of the structure of the human body  Physiology  The study of body function

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Overview of Anatomy  Anatomical terminology  Based on ancient Greek or Latin  Provides standard nomenclature worldwide  Branches of anatomy  Gross anatomy  Microscopic anatomy (histology)  Surface anatomy

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings An Overview of Anatomy  Other branches of anatomy  Developmental anatomy-structural changes of aging  Embryology – study of development of fetus  Pathological anatomy (pathology)- study of disease  Radiographic anatomy- study of anatomy using radiographic imagery, CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound  **Why are there so many different imaging techniques?  Please understand what each technique images  Functional morphology  Microscopic – anatomy of structures using various microscopic instruments.  Histology – study of tissues

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hierarchy of Structural Organization  Chemical level – atoms form molecules  Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits  Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hierarchy of Structural Organization  Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue  Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose  Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels working in unison

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systemic v. Regional Anatomy  Systemic – study of anatomy by system  Regional – study of anatomy by region  Most students use a combination of regional and systemic study

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary System  Forms external body covering  Protects deeper tissues from injury  Synthesizes vitamin D  Site of cutaneous receptors  (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal System  Protects and supports body organs  Provides a framework for muscles  Blood cells formed within bones  Stores minerals

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular System  Allows manipulation of environment  Locomotion  Facial expression  Maintains posture  Produces heat

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous System  Fast-acting control system  Responds to internal and external changes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine System  Glands secrete hormones that regulate  Growth  Reproduction  Nutrient use

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular System  Blood vessels transport blood  Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide  Also carries nutrients and wastes  Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic System/Immunity  Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels  Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system  Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)  Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory System  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide  Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive System  Breaks down food into absorbable units  Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary System  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male & Female Reproductive Systems  Overall function is to produce offspring  Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones  Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones  Mammary glands produce milk

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy – An Introduction  Anatomical position – a common visual reference point  Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward  Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body  Directional terminology – refers to the body in anatomical position  Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy – An Introduction Figure 1.3

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy – An Introduction  Directional terms  Regional terms – names of specific body areas  Axial region – the main axis of the body  Appendicular region – the limbs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Terms Figure 1.4a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regional Terms Figure 1.4b

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections  Coronal (frontal) plane  Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts  Median (midsagittal) plane  Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections  Transverse plane  Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts Figure 1.5

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6 Oblique Section Through the Trunk

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Banana Sectioned into Planes Figure 1.7

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body Plan  Tube-within-a-tube  Bilateral symmetry  Dorsal hollow nerve cord  Notochord (primative supporting rod) and vertebrae  Segmentation  Pharyngeal pouches (gills!)  Post-anal tail (at some point in development)  Characteristics common to all vertebrates

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates Figure 1.8a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates Figure 1.8b

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basic Human Body Plan and Structures Shared with all Vertebrates Figure 1.8c

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes  Dorsal body cavity  Cranial cavity  Vertebral cavity

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes  Ventral body cavity  Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts  Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity  Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes  Ventral cavity (continued)  Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts  Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs  Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes Figure 1.9a

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes Figure 1.9b

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes  Serous cavities – a coelomic cavity, like that enclosed by the pericardium, peritoneum, or pleura, not communicating with the outside body, and whose lining membrane secretes a serous fluid. Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum  Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity  Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes Figure 1.10a, b The purpose of the serosal membranes is to reduce friction so that viscera (organs) move freely and stay cool.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes Figure 1.10c

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes Figure 1.10d

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities and Membranes  Other cavities  Oral cavity  Nasal cavity  Orbital cavities  Middle ear cavities  Synovial cavities

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other Body Cavities Figure 1.11

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominal Regions and Quadrants  Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions  Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants  Right upper and left upper quadrants  Right lower and left lower quadrants

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominal Regions Figure 1.12a, b

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominal Quadrants Figure 1.12c

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy  Microscopy – examining small structures through a microscope  Light microscopy illuminates tissue with a beam of light (lower magnification)  Electron microscopy uses beams of electrons (higher magnification)  TEM transmission electron microscopy will always be sharper than light microscope

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Figure 1.13

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy  Preparing human tissue for microscopy  Specimen is fixed (preserved) and sectioned  Specimen is stained to distinguish anatomical structures  Acidic stain – negatively charged dye molecules  Basic stain – positively charged dye molecules

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy  Scanning electron microscopy  Heavy metal salt stain – deflects electrons in the beam to different extents  Artifacts  Minor distortions of preserved tissues  Not exactly like living tissues and organs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques  X ray – electromagnetic waves of very short length  Best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures Figure 1.14

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clinical Anatomy – An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques  Variations of X ray  Fluoroscope – images are viewed on a fluorescent screen  Allows viewing of internal organs as they move  Cineradiography – uses X-ray cinema film to record organ movements

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Computed (axial) tomography (CT or CAT) – takes successive X rays around a person's full circumference  Translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section  This technique receives information only from transverse planes and adds them up to form a 3D image.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) imaging provides an unobstructed view of small arteries  DSA is often used to identify blockages of arteries that supply the heart or brain

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Positron emission tomography (PET) – forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body  Sonography (ultrasound imaging) – body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues  Imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Advanced X-Ray Techniques  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – produces high-quality images of soft tissues  Distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content Figure 1.19a