Statins Reduce the Risks of Relapse to Addiction in Rats

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Statins Reduce the Risks of Relapse to Addiction in Rats Neuropsychopharmacology 2015 Oct 15. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.317. Impact factor: 7.048 在老鼠實驗上 Statin藥物可以減少戒癮後的復發風險 指導老師: 林宏榮老師.鄭伯智老師 報告學生: 胡喬雅 學號: NA3H0004 報告日期: 2015.12.12

Introduction

Cocaine Cocaine is the most powerful stimulant commonly inhaled or injected into the veins Mental effects may include loss of contact with reality, an intense feeling of happiness, or agitation. Physical symptoms may include a fast heart rate, sweating, and large pupils. Cocaine 古柯鹼 是一種白色粉末狀. 它屬於 強興奮劑 通常人們是利用 鼻子吸入或注入靜脈 得到它 對於心理和生理的極大影響 在心理影響可能包括 失去現實感,強烈的幸福感覺,或 使人激動。 在身體症狀可能包括 心跳變快,出汗,和瞳孔放大。 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine

當古柯鹼通過鼻孔吸入後. 進入鼻腔 由黏膜 轉進入 毛細血管 吸收進入. 此時古柯鹼 會造成組織的血液和氧氣阻塞 古柯鹼是怎麼在體內產生作用的呢? 當古柯鹼通過鼻孔吸入後. 進入鼻腔 由黏膜 轉進入 毛細血管 吸收進入. 此時古柯鹼 會造成組織的血液和氧氣阻塞 2. 從 毛細管 進入更大的 靜脈和動脈 然後帶入心臟 3. 心跳加快.並將古柯鹼傳送至整個身體 以及大腦 一旦進入大腦, 古柯鹼 會使 多巴胺 大量釋放. 會使得感覺良好 在正常的中樞神經系統 傳遞過程中,多巴胺釋放由一個神經元到突觸,它可以結合多巴胺受體上相鄰的神經元。 通常情況下,多巴胺然後通過稱為多巴胺轉運一個專門蛋白質再循環回發射神經元。 如果可卡因存在,它附著在多巴胺轉運和塊正常回收過程,導致多巴胺突觸中堆積,於是只能被迫與其受體結合,啟動人體的興奮。根據科學家1997年的研究成果,越多的多巴胺被“擠出”,則意味著越強烈的快感。 長期使用毒品會使大腦的機能發生改變,最主要的改變就是細胞上的多巴胺受體的數量減少。攝入毒品的量越大、越多的受體就會被清除,受體越來越少。久而久之,興奮的閾值就會逐漸提高,為了達到原來的刺激程度吸毒者必須不斷增加毒品的劑量才行。因此,一旦染上毒癮則欲罷不能。 https://www.discoveryplace.info/effects-cocaine-addict-graduate http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/cocaine/how-does-cocaine-produce-its-effects

不只古柯鹼,菸裡的尼古丁也是如此類似路徑 尼古丁進入腦部後,會造成 大量dopamine釋放 cocaine and nicotine alter the brain’s dopamine levels in highly similar ways. https://www.bibalex.org/supercourse/lecture/lec29291/033.htm http://www.promises.com/articles/smoking/is-nicotine-a-gateway-drug-for-cocaine/

Dopamine是一種神經傳導物質,會讓你感到快樂 所以容易讓人上癮 http://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/articles/bcr-update-brain-and-dopamine-oct-2015

Relapse Rate 所以才會造成 已經戒癮後再復發用藥的人 高達 40%至60% 美國國家藥物濫用研究所報告 所以才會造成 已經戒癮後再復發用藥的人 高達 40%至60% 美國國家藥物濫用研究所報告 http://www.futuresofpalmbeach.com/drug-rehab/statistics/

? addiction relapse a study in humans has found that increase in transcripts related to cholesterol biosynthesis and trafficking is a common feature of cocaine,cannabis, and phencyclidine abuse. (Lehrmann et al, 2006). 如何能使戒癮後減少復發率呢? 有研究說 藥物濫用後 會出現轉錄變化 其中有一點是 膽固醇合成會增加 http://www.hazeldenbettyford.org/articles/bcr-update-brain-and-dopamine-oct-2015

statin HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors inhibition of cholesterol synthesis 屬於 HMG-CoA 還原酶的抑制劑 主要可以 抑制膽固醇合成 當有 HMG-CoA還原酶 會產生膽固醇 所以可以藉由 抑制膽固醇合成 來降低膽固醇 是個很好的降血脂藥物 Statin藥物可以分很多種 ………

有研究指出 Statin 在 降低 膽固醇合成 的 路徑 最後會有幫助 抗發炎反應 另外 還會去 影響大腦中的神經營養因子。 http://www.alzforum.org/news/research-news/statins-boost-growth-factors-mouse-brain-improve-memory

statins can directly bind to histone deacetylation enzymes, key enzymes in promoting epigenetic modifications (Tsankova et al,2007), and inhibit their function (Lin et al, 2008),an effect that has been shown to reduce addiction-related behaviors of cocaine (Romieu et al, 2008). 另外 statin 還可以與組蛋白做結合 幫助修飾 有研究說 這最終會影響 減少古柯鹼上癮行為 Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2015 Apr;36(4):226-35.

? HYPOTHESIS Statin the Risks of Relapse to Addiction cocaine or nicotine cocaine or nicotine 假設 長期給予他汀類藥物 是否能夠降低復發的風險尋求藥物。 ? the Risks of Relapse to Addiction http://www.janvier-labs.com/rodent-research-models-services/research-models/per-species/outbred-rats/product/sprague-dawley.html

cocaine addiction in models of relapse. Aim of the study Positive effects of statins are reminiscent to those obtained with the enriched environment, an experimental paradigm that was also shown to be beneficial in reducing risks of relapse to cocaine addiction in models of relapse. (Solinas et al, 2008; Chauvet et al, 2009; Thiel et al, 2009; Chauvet et al, 2012). 研究目的 是 在 Statin藥物看到許多正面的影響 所以希望也能幫助成為古柯鹼戒癮後能減少復發率

Methods & Result 實驗流程與結果

self-administration Adult male Sprague Dawley rats 先介紹一下等下的實驗 老鼠會先一段時間自我管理的放在籠子裡 當聞一次active就會施打一次古柯鹼 而inactive就不會施打 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 11;109(50):20703-8.

Experimental design 1 Statins or vehicle were always injected between Cocaine (0.6 mg/kg ) FR1 Statins or vehicle were always injected between 10 AM and 12 AM and tests for relapse Veh–Veh Veh–Sim 所以看到實驗設計是 前20天允許老鼠自行吃古柯鹼 每天早上10點到12點 3小時作為一個session 所以20天就有20個session 這20天 只要老鼠去觸鼻表現 就會立即靜脈注射古柯鹼 每次注射0.6mg/kg和亮光 20天後 停止給予古柯鹼 依舊每天早上10點到12點 3小時內 分別給予腹部注射 simvastatin (0.1 或 1mg/kg ) 並評估測試 在第一個古柯鹼測試行為後,老鼠會經歷第二個21天給予statin治療,這些被半隨機分為4組: Veh–Veh 第一部分與第二部分皆給予vehicle Veh–Sim 第一部分給予vehicle 與 第二部分給予simvastatin (1 mg/kg) Sim–Veh 第一部分給予simvastatin (1 mg/kg) 與 第二部分給予vehicle Sim–Sim 第一部分與第二部分皆給予simvastatin (1 mg/kg) 每日藥物評估在最後注射的3小時裡 Sim–Veh Sim–Sim

Experimental design 2 3 4 Atorvastatin (1 mg/kg i.p.) Pravastatin (2 mg/kg i.p.) vehicle 3 simvastatin (1 mg/kg i.p.) 實驗2: 在古柯鹼測試行為裡 測試其他種Statin藥物的影響 實驗3: 整個實驗老鼠皆可自行攝取古柯鹼, 第11天 開始的 共21天 老鼠每日注射simvastatin (1 mg/kg i.p.)或vehicle 實驗4: 前24天裡 老鼠自由攝取尼古丁 4

Simvastatin Decreases Cocaine Seeking Part I Simvastatin Decreases Cocaine Seeking After Abstinence Simvastatin可降低戒癮後尋找古柯鹼

Results 1:

Results 1: $$, P<0.01 Sim-treated different from veh-treated control **, P<0.01 active different from inactive nose-pokes.

Part II The Effects of Simvastatin are Long Lasting Veh–Veh Veh–Sim Sim–Veh Sim–Sim Simvastatin持久的影響

Results 2: Veh–Veh Veh–Sim Sim–Veh Sim–Sim $ and $$P<0.05 and P<0.01 Sim-treated different from veh-treated control; **P<0.01 active different from inactive nose-pokes.

Part III Only Statins that Pass the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB) Reduce Cocaine-Seeking Behavior 只有通過血腦屏障(BBB) 的 Statin藥物可以減少尋找古柯鹼行為

Results 3:

Results 3:

Simvastatin Does not Affect Cocaine-Taking Behavior Part IV Simvastatin Does not Affect Cocaine-Taking Behavior Simvastatin劑量不會影響攝取古柯鹼行為

Results 4:

Simvastatin Decreases Relapse to Nicotine Part V Simvastatin Decreases Relapse to Nicotine Simvastatin可減少尋找尼古丁的復發

Results 5:

Results 5:

Discussion The effects of simvastatin were dose dependent with doses of 1 mg/kg, but not 0.1 mg/kg, being effective in decreasing drug seeking. only lipophilic statins that pass the BBB such as simvastatin and atorvastatin reduce drug-seeking behavior, whereas hydrophilic statins such as pravastatin had no effect. 得知 施打 simvastatin的劑量需要打 1 mg/kg而不是 0.1 mg/kg 屬於有效減少尋找藥物 只有能通過BBB腦血屏障的statin藥物才是有效減少老鼠尋找藥物 就像simvastatin 和 atorvastatin 而 親水性的pravastatin就無法達到效果

Discussion Further studies are necessary to determine the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of statins and to determine whether statins would also be effective in reducing drug seeking after acute administration. despite the good safety profile of statins, the risks to develop side effects with these drugs seem to increase over time. 未來當然是需要去看詳細的神經生物機制更了解詳細機制 藥物安全性當然也要在更進一步調查

Conclusion a chronic treatment with brain-penetrating statins decreases the risk of relapse to cocaine and nicotine. brain-penetrating statins such as simvastatin and atorvastatin could be useful pharmacological tools for the treatment of addiction. statin treatment may be effective only in reducing relapse but not in facilitating quitting. 長期給予statin治療 可以減少古柯鹼和尼古丁的再復發 具有腦穿透性的statin藥物 simvastatin 和 atorvastatin ,可以當作有效的治療戒癮 重要的一點. Statin是有效的減少再復發的情況發生 並不是能幫助戒菸

Thank you for your attention

也就是說 當長期使用古柯鹼的副作用: 會造成身體各個部分都會產生問題 腦部: 中風風險增加.減少注意.飢餓.失眠或嗜睡.昏睡 喉嚨: 疼痛.聲音嘶啞 肺: 咳血.支氣管經鑾.呼吸困難.浸潤.嗜酸粒細胞增多胸痛.喘 系統: 發燒.嗜酸性細胞增多 鼻子: 鼻溢 牙齒: 磨牙 心臟: 增加梗塞風險 皮膚: 搔癢

光(上圖)的一半,第二次閃光之後,兩個槓桿擺脫籠壁(下圖)。以接收一個食物丸,大鼠必須按下左側的槓桿。此任務需要持續關注,大鼠必須記住,並以一個簡單的提示作出反應。 無閃爍,但兩個槓桿擺脫籠壁上。大鼠必須按下右側的控制桿,以接收一個食物丸。這被認為是比信號的任務更難。大鼠必須應用規則是偶然的事情沒有發生,即光不閃爍,這需要認知靈活性。

vascular endothelial growth factor statins upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) hippocampal neurogenesis interact 所以 研究證明,Statin類藥物能幫助增加血管內皮細胞生長因子和腦源性神經營養因子(BDNF)促使海馬迴神經形成, 與PI3K/Akt 和 ras/ERK路徑相互作用,研究結果顯示對神經疾病有幫助。 Statin類藥物的這些積極效果是讓人聯想到那些具有豐富環境獲得的實驗範例,也顯示出有利於減少在復發模型復發可卡因成癮的風險 因此,statins似乎可以當為‘environmimetics’,例如分子模擬環境豐富的效果, PI3K/Akt and ras/ERK pathways beneficial of neurological conditions Lu et al, 2007; Wu et al,2008 http://www.nature.com/jcbfm/journal/v30/n3/full/jcbfm2009255a.html