Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya Olduwan chopper Gadeb, Ethiopia 2.4-1.5 mya Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya

Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 200-1, Hadar Ethiopia ~3 mya Homo sp. early Homo A.L. 666-1, Hadar Ethiopia 2.3 mya

Australopithecus afarensis AL 288-1, Lucy Hadar, Ethiopia, 3.2 mya

Australopithecus afarensis Hadar, Ethiopia, ~3 mya A. afarensis endocranial capacity = 387-550 consistent morphologies – more apelike than other australopithecines dimorphism = sexual or increase in size through time?

chimpanzee & A. afarensis share subnasal prognathism large anterior dentition diastema between lateral incisor & canine confluence of temporal & nuchal lines broad pneumatized cranial base note that A. afarensis is distinct from other australopithecines in these traits

DIASTEMA + NOTE THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE PREMOLARS IN A AFRICANUS & IN P DIASTEMA + NOTE THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE PREMOLARS IN A AFRICANUS & IN P. ROBUSTUS

the 3rd premolar (P3) in A afarensis = intermediate between chimpanzee 7 modern human morphologies P3 HAS SAME ANGLE AS CHIMP-BUT = SLIGHTLY ROUNDER-HAS SMALL INNER (LINGUAL) CUSP (METACONID) MOD HUMANS = LARGER CUSP-MOLARIZATION

Australopithecus africanus Sts 71, Sterkfontein South Africa, 2.5 mya

Australopithecus sebida, 1.9-1.78 mya South Africa

Australopithecus sediba endocranial capacity= 420-450 cc not greater than A. africanus likely contemporaneous with H. ergaster MH1=assumed juvenile male MH2=assumed adult female

Paranthropus boisei OH 5 1.8 mya

Homo habilis KNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.9 mya

Homo habilis - “handy man” mixed morphologies not a clearly identifiable taxon potentially represent multiple species demonstrates selective pressures & changes

Homo habilis from Koobi Fora KNM-ER 1470, Kenya 1.8-1.9 mya KNM ER-1813 Kenya 1.9 mya

Homo habilis KNM ER-1813 Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.9 mya small brain (~510 cc) small teeth australopithecine-like

Homo habilis KNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.8-1.9 mya

Homo habilis KNM-ER 1470, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.8-1.9 mya large brain (~750 cc) large teeth

“solution”= create another species Homo rudolfensis “solution”= create another species

Homo ergaster endocranial capacity = 870 cc

KNM ER 15000, Homo ergaster, Nariokotome, Kenya, 1.5 mya

Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya

Homo ergaster, Kenya, 1.6 mya

Homo ergaster ~1.8-1.7 mya possibly as late as 600 kya considered ancestral to all subsequent Homo increased brain size increased body size possibly more modern growth & development

Homo ergaster, Swartskrans, South Africa,1.8-1.9 mya contemporaneous with P. robustus in South Africa dental eruption may be more modern tooth crown formation may be more apelike

Australopithecus afarensis L.H.-4, Laetoli, Tanzania 3.6 mya Homo ergaster KNM-ER 992, Kenya ~1.5 mya

Homo ergaster, OH9, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.2 mya MANY SIMILARITIES TO ASIAN H ERECTUS-SUPERORBIATL TORUS –BROWRDIGES; LOW FRONTAL (FOREHEAD) ANGLED OCCIPITAL

Homo ergaster KNM-ER 3733, Koobi Fora, Kenya 1.75 mya

Homo erectus, Daka, Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia, 1-0.8 mya resembles H. erectus in: endocranial capacity =995 cc broad base sagital keel resembles H. ergaster in: thin vault bones height of vault no occipital torus

H. Erectus or H. ergaster?, Dmanisi, Georgia, 1.75-2.0 mya POSSIBLE OUT OF AFRICA EXAMPLE OF H ERGASTER

Reorganization of : limb proportions longer legs shorter arms trunk dimensions ribcage=more barrel shaped gut area reduced

Brain not just an increase in size differences in brain organization cognition thought emotions brain is a costly tissue affects dietary needs growth & development birth

Comparative primate allometric expectations of proportions of human organ mass

Human gut lengths short compared to other primates of our size longer gut lengths associated with processing high volumes of low-quality foods

Selection on hominins appears to be: on increased cognition-grow the size of the brain support that through higher quality foods and reduction in another costly tissue the gut is selection primarily on brains? or on increased dietary quality?

complex interrelationship between diet, brain size increase, behavior, & morphology

antelope humerus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, ~1.8 mya David Brill

FLK “Zinj” site in Olduvai Gorge, Bed 1 deposits, 1.8-1.76 mya ~100 bones show cutmarks-percussion marks 3,500 large mammal bones 2,500 Olduwan tools hunting? scavenging”? carnivore remains? natural death? +16,000 SMALL FAUNA RODENTS=PROBABLE OWL PELLETS; 13 BONES = CUTMARKS & CARNIVORE DAMAGE; 8= CUTMARKS OVERPRINTED BY CARNIVORE; 5 CUTMARKS =ON TOP OF CARNIVORES

C. K Brain questioned associations of bones with australopithecines as food remains initated modern taphonomic research

Taponomy complex sources of deposition of animal bones in sites with archaeological remains and hominin fossils natural death carnivores geologic accmualtion hominins

Cutmarks identifying stone tool marks natural scratches overprinting excavator marks using them to understand potential butchering patterns

Cladistics Can get varying relationships depending on emphasis of different traits

multiple contemporaneous hominins-what specializations? Paranthropus boisei Homo rudolfensis Homo ergaster Homo habilis Scientific American 8/25/2003:22-23

Homo ergaster WT 15000 Nariokotome, Kenya 1.6 mya Acheulean handaxe