Local Self-Governments and Elections in the Yugoslav Successor States Shinichi ISHIDA Atomi University, JAPAN

Table 1: Local Self-government Units Population (Census) Area (km2) *No.*Average Size of Municipalities and Cities Slovenia1,964,036(02)20, ,352 (8,125) Croatia4,437,460(01)56, ,981 (6,592) Bosnia Fed.**2,328,359(07)26, ,473 (26,991) Bosnia R.S.**1,439,673(07)24, ,852 (19,578) Montenegro620,145(03)13, ,531 (22,551) Serbia***7,498,001(02)77, ,571 (41,139) Macedonia2,022,547(02)25, ,078 (20,481) JAPAN127,767,994(05)377,9301,80770,707 (66,860) *The number of municipalities and cities, and the average size (population), including (excluding) capital cities. **Estimated. ***Excluding Kosovo.

Table 2: Details *No.Municipalities(m), Cities(c), Wards(w) Capital (Name) Population Slovenia210199m+11cLjubljana265,881 Croatia556429m+127c(17w in ZG)Zagreb779,145 Bosnia Fed.7979m(4m in SA), incl.2cSarajevo**304,065 Bosnia R.S.6363m(6m in SA), incl.2cBanja Luka**225,843 Montenegro2121m, incl.2c(*2w in PG)Podgorica169,132 Serbia161122m+22c+BG(17m)Beograd1,574,050 Macedonia8484m(incl.10m in SK)Skopje506,926 JAPAN1,8071,001m+783c+23w in TokyoTokyo8,489,653 *Podgorica Municipality consists of Podgorica City Proper and two subdivisions called ‘urban municipalities’.

Table 3: Upper-level Units NameNo.Average Size Slovenia(Region)(12)-(Statistical regions) CroatiaCounty21211,308incl. the City of Zagreb Bosnia Fed.Canton10232,836- Bosnia R.S.(Region)(7)-(Statistical regions) Montenegro---- Serbia excl. Kosovo (District)(25)-Administrative Unit, incl. the City of Belgrade Macedonia(Region)(8)-(Statistical regions) JAPANPrefecture472,718,468incl. Tokyo Metropolis

Local Self-government in Croatia Law on the Local and Regional Self-government (2001) *Decentralization (revision of Law 1992) 2 types of Self-government Unit *3 types in the beginning (abolished District) Local Self-government Unit: Municipality (opcina) and City (grad) *Requirement of a city is 10,000 inhabitants Regional Self-government Unit: County (zupanija) *City of Zagreb

Problems Size (population) of municipalities and cities Too much municipalities and cities? Rapid increase: 102 (1991) to 556 (2006) Reduction of average size: 47,000 to 8, % of municipalities - less than 5, % of cities - less than 10,000 Financial problems Fragility of financial basis (revenue, funds) *Merger of municipalities is under consideration

Table 4: Election Methods Council, AssemblyTermMayor, PrefectTerm SloveniaDirect (M* or P*)4 yearsDirect4 years CroatiaDirect (P)4 yearsDirect4 years Bosnia Fed.Direct (P)**4 yearsDirect**4 years Bosnia R.S.Direct (P)**4 yearsDirect**4 years MontenegroDirect (P)4 yearsDirect5 years SerbiaDirect (P)4 yearsIndirect4 years MacedoniaDirect (P)4 yearsDirect4 years JAPANDirect (M)4 yearsDirect4 years *M =majority system; P =proportional representation system **In Bosnia, the direct election is introduced in general, with exceptions for some cities and cantons.

Local Politics in Croatia I National politics and local politics Strong influence of political parties Intervention of the Government *Case of Zagreb Increase of joint (coalition) candidate-lists Bipolarization (Multipolarization) ? Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) Social Democratic Party (SDP) Problem of direct election: Towards Cohabitation ? Head vs. Council

Table 5: Election Results in Croatia I County Prefects from:1993 Indirect 1997 Indirect 2001 Indirect 2005 Indirect 2009 Direct Croatian Democratic Union /HDZ Social Democratic Party /SDP Croatian Peasant Party /HSS Regional Parties and Coalitions Other Parties11131 Independents00110

Table 6: Election Results in Croatia II General election Local election (counties) Croatian Democratic Union /HDZ Coalition by HDZ and other parties Social Democratic Party /SDP Coalition by SDP and other parties The percentage of the seats in county assemblies.

Table 7: Election Results in Croatia III General election Local election (counties) Croatian Peasant Party /HSS Croatian Social Liberal Party /HSLS Croatian People’s Party /HNS Croatian Party of Rights /HSP

Table 8: Election Results in Croatia IV General election Local election (counties) Regional Parties and Coalitions Minority Parties and Groups Other Parties and Coalitions Independents

Local Politics in Croatia II National Minorities (the Serbs) Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities (1992, 2002) Creation of “ District with Special Self- Government Status ” around Knin and Glina vs. “ Republic of Serbian Krajina ” Rise of regionalist movement Istrian Democratic Parliament (IDS) in Istria, PGS in Rijeka, HDSSB in Slavonia, etc. Cross-border cooperation *Euroregion

Table 9: Election Results in Istria County Assembly Municipal Councils Prefect Mayors Istrian Democratic Parliament /IDS Croatian Democratic Union /HDZ Other Parties and Coalitions Independents The percentage of the seats in county assemblies. IDS and HDZ include their coalitions.