AFTER THE WAR…

LET’S RECAP  The British had just conquered the French on the Plains of Abraham.  “Quebec is nothing but a shapeless mass of ruins… confusion, disorder, pillage reign even among the inhabitants.”  More British soldiers died from disease than had died in battle.  Remaining French soldiers fell back to Montreal and many of the First Nations allies were no longer willing to fight on.  On September 8, 1760, the French officially surrendered at Montreal and New France was handed over to the British.

WHAT ABOUT THE CANADIENS?  They accomplished a lot  First newcomers to current day Canada  French traders pioneered the fur trade  Even though the climate was harsh, they successfully created farms  Dug wells, built roads, started shops and businesses  Catholic church roots,education and health

WHY WERE FIRST NATIONS PEOPLES WORRIED ABOUT THE BRITISH WINNING THE WAR?  British gained most of North America  The future of First Nations peoples’ land was at stake  Nobody from French or British side invited them to take part in the peace process.  First Nations didn’t trust the British as much because they did not trade goods like the French  First Nations worried about newcomer English farmers moving into Ohio River Valley, as they slowly started to lose their land.

PONTIAC THE MIGHTY  The leader of the Odawa, Pontiac, decided to go war with the English.  In May 1763, Pontiac and the Odawa attacked the British fort in Detroit.  Around the same time, Pontiac’s allies also captured forts along the trading frontier of Lake Erie.  They were quite successful and captured 7 out of 10 English forts!  British sent troops to fight the First Nations and Pontiac’s alliance fell apart.

IT’S ALL ABOUT STRATEGY

NEW CHALLENGES  The First Nations  The Canadiens  The British  British also worried about the First Nations who were French allies  How were the British going to make the Canadiens and First Nations peoples loyal subjects of the British crown?

WHAT DO YOU THINK THE BRITISH SHOULD DO?  Eviction: Force Canadiens from their homes and deport them from North America  Assimilation: Pressure Canadiens to give up their language and religion and become loyal British subjects  Accommodation: Leave the Canadiens alone and allow them to live as they always had with own religion, language, and traditions.  At your table group, discuss which strategy you would use….

THE TREATY OF PARIS (1763) The Deal  France gave up any claim to Quebec or any other part of North America  In return, France received Guadeloupe, a sugar producing island in the Caribbean.  French only owned tiny islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon near the coast of Newfoundland  (These are still French speaking areas and you would need Euros to go through customs today)

THE ROYAL PROCLAMATION (1763)  Enforced British institutions and laws  Civil government replaced military government  Catholics not allowed to sit on the council of advisors  New France became the province of Quebec  Quebec became smaller  Prevented settlement west of the Appalachians  British set aside a large chunk of land for the First Nations peoples

THE QUEBEC ACT OF 1774  Quebec was expanded to the size it had been when it was a colony of France  Most of land set aside for First Nations became part of Quebec. Remaining Aboriginal lands were still protected  French language rights were recognized  Catholics were given freedom of religion and allowed to hold government jobs  French civil law would be used