Unit 2 Grammar Form & Function Level 3 Past Tense Unit 2 Grammar Form & Function Level 3

Simple Past -- Form Form [= grammar structure] Example 1. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (past form of verb) 2.--regular past form of verbs = [“-d” or “-ed”] 3.--irregular forms have to be memorized I liked football when I was young. She never liked football. 1. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (“did not/didn’t”) + (Base verb) Except **negative of “be” is “wasn’t/weren’t” **(Subject) + (“was not/were not”) + (no base verb) Tom didn’t like that movie. He wasn’t happy with the ending. 4. Yes/No Questions **(“did”) + (Subject) + (Base verb) Did you hear the sirens? Did Sue go to the concert? 4. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“did/didn’t”) Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. Yes, she did./ No, she didn’t. 5. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (past form of Verb) b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (“did”) + (Subject) + (Base Verb) a. Who watched TV last night? b. What did you watch?

Past Progressive -- Form Form [= grammar structure] Example 6. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (Past form of “be”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) Someone was singing last night. They were singing until 3 am. 6. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (Past form of “be”) + (not) + I wasn’t singing, but my friends were. 7. Yes/No Questions **(“was” or “were”) + (Subject) + Were you watching the Olympics? Was your friend recording it? 7. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“was” or “were”) + (“not”) Yes, they were./No, they weren’t. Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. 8. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (“was” or “were”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (“was” or “were”) + (Subject) + a. Who was playing that loud music when I called? b. Why was the audience laughing at the end of the movie?

Simple Past -- Function Function [=reason to use] Example a. Describe an action that happened at a definite time in the past. We elected Obama president. b. Talk about actions that happened in a sequence in the past. I came home, picked up my mail, and left. c. With time expressions: yesterday, last night, last Wednesday, four months ago, in 2002 I read a great book last Christmas.

Past Progressive -- Function Function [=reason to use] Example a. Describe an action that was in progress at a specific time in the past. The action began before the specific time and might continue after that time. Mary was working at 10 o’clock yesterday. b. Talk about two actions in the past when one action began first and was in progress when the second action happened. I was studying when the lights went out. c. Talk about two actions in the past that were both in progress at the same time. I was studying while my son was watching TV. d. Give background information in a story. [We use the simple past for the main action.] It was getting dark. I was walking down a country road. I looked down the road and saw a car coming. e. With time expressions such as “while,” “when,” and “all morning.” I was working all day.

Both Simple Past & Past Progressive -- Functions Function [=reason to use] Example a. Do not use professive forms with stative meaning verbs. I had an exam yesterday. Ø I was having an exam yesterday. b. Use “when” or “while” in sentences with two actions in the past. When I came home, I picked up my mail. They were watching TV while I was sleeping. c. Clauses with “when” or “while” can come at the beginning or end of the sentence. If at the beginning, put a comma after it. When the phone rang, I was watching TV. I was watching TV when the phone rang.

Past Perfect -- Form Form [= grammar structure] Example 1. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (“had”) + (Past participle) I had seen that play before, so I didn‘t want to go again. 1. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (“had”) + (not) + (Past participle) She hadn’t studied for the quiz, so she wasn’t successful. 2. Yes/No Questions **(“had”) + (Subject) + (Past participle) Had he done his homework? 2. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“had”) + (“not”) Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t. 3. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (“had”) + b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (“had”) + (Subject) + (Past participle) a. What had been your highest score before now? b. Where had Kelly traveled by the time she finished her trip?

Past Perfect Progressive -- Form Form [= grammar structure] Example 4. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (“had”) + (“been”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) Susan had been studying the violin for over a month. 4. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (“had”) + (not) + (“been”) + She hadn’t been playing very long. 5. Yes/No Questions **(“had”) + (Subject) + (“been”) Had they been winning a lot of games before now? 5. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“had”) + (“not”) Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t. 6. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (“had”) + (“been”) + (Base verb + “-ing”) b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (“had”) + (Subject) + a. Who had been scoring the most goals before the new guycame? b. Why had they been losing so much?

Past Perfect -- Function Function [=reason to use] Example a. Talk about a past action that ended before another action or time in the past. We can use past perfect or simple past with “before” or “after.” The movie had started before we arrived. The movie started before we arrived. b. Show the cause of a past action. I hadn’t slept well the night before, so I was tired on Monday. c. With time expressions such as “when,” “after,” “before,” “as soon as,” “by the time,” “by,” and “until.” Kasey had eaten before Francie stopped by to get her. d. Use adverbs such as “ever,” “never,” “already,” “yet,” “so far,” and “still” with past perfect. Ellen had never eaten a fresh mango.

Past Perfect Progressive -- Function Function [=reason to use] Example a. Emphasize the continuation of an action that was in progress before another action or time in the past. Sarah had been working here for two weeks when she had to leave. b. To show the cause of a past action. I had been traveling all night, so I was tired on Monday. c. With time expressions such as “when,” “before,” “by the time,” “for,” “since,” and “how long.” He had been working for two hours when his boss called. d. Do not use progressive form with stative verbs. She had been tired all day. Ø She had been being tired all day.

Used To -- Form Form [= grammar structure] Example 1. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (“used to”) + (base verb) I used to like rock music. 1. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (“did not”) + (“use to”) + (base verb) She didn’t use to like rock. Ø She didn’t used to like rock. 2. Yes/No Questions **(“did”) + (Subject) + (“use to”) + Did you use to work here? Ø Did you used to work here? 2. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“did”) + (“not”) Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. 3. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (“used to”) + b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (“did”) + (Subject) + (“use to”) + (base verb) a. What used to be your favorite food? b. Where did you use to work? Ø Where did you used to work?

Would -- Form Form [= grammar structure] Example 1. Affirmative Sentence **(Subject) + (“would”) + (base verb) When Tom lived in NY, he would take the subway. 1. Negative Sentence **(Subject) + (“would not”) + (base verb) He wouldn’t drive his car. 2. Yes/No Questions **(“would”) + (Subject) + (base verb) Would he go to the museums often? 2. Short Answers to Yes/No Questions **(Pronoun Subject) + (“would”) + (“not”) Yes, he would. / No, he wouldn’t. 3. Wh- Questions a. **(Wh- word as Subject) + (“would”) + (base verb) b. **(Wh- word is not Subject) + (“would”) + (Subject) + (base verb) a. What would be something fun to do? b. Where would he eat dinner? He’d eat in his apartment.

Used To & Would -- Function Function [=reason to use] Example a. Use “used to” to talk about a past habit that no longer exists [or simple past]. We used to go to the beach every weekend. We went to the beach every weekend. b. When you give a specific time, do not use “used to.” We went to the beach every week in 2009. Ø We used to go to the beach every week in 2009. c. Can use “would” instead of “used to” for a past habit. I used to visit my grandma weekends. I would visit my grandma on weekends. d. Cannot use “would” with stative verbs referring to a past habit. I used to have a red bicycle. Ø I would have a red bicycle. e. Use “used to” to talk about past situations that no longer exist. We used to live in a small apartment. f. Cannot use “would” to talk about past situations that don’t exist now. We used to live in Poland. Ø We would live in Poland.

Continued…Used To & Would -- Function Function [=reason to use] Example g. Often start a story with “used to” and then switch to “would” When I was a child, I used to do my homework first, and then I would go out and play with my friends. h. Often use “would” to show stubbornness and that the speaker disapproves of this. He would come home whenever he wanted money. i. Negative: “would” shows refusal. Cannot replace “didn’t use to” with “wouldn’t” because meaning is different. She didn’t used to work late. She wouldn’t work late. j. Do not confuse (“used to”) + (base verb) with (“be used to”) + (base verb + “-ing”). **(“be used to”) + (base verb + “-ing”) = [“to be accustomed to”] He used to work long hours. He is used to working long hours.