Water Conveyance system in Watershed Dr Ambrish Kumar, Principal Scientist IISWC Dehradun aktswc@yahoo.com; Phone: 0135-2757210

  Water losses and utilization efficiency under different components of Canal irrigation system (Agarwal and Khanna, 1983)

Crop & Water Management & Approach: End to End Solution Creation, repair, restoration & renovation of water sources Water Sources Strengthening Irrigation Supply Chain Distribution Network Developing/Strengthening distribution network for brining water to farm Crop & Water Management & Crop alignment, moisture conservation Promoting efficient conveyance and field application devices Encouraging community irrigation management Water Use Efficiency

Drawbacks of water course(channels) Seepage from WC ranging from 12 to 35 % Breaking the WC by the farmers near their fields High repair and maintenance cost due to frequent damage Normally Over size of Guhls are constructed Wastage of land under WC network

Alternative solution Gravity fed Water Conveyance System using Pipeline Himalayan Foothills: village cluster – Gadoria, Devthala, Pasauli, and Dungakhet. Population: Socially backward- 82%; economically poor – 80%

Intervention: Gravity fed Water Conveyance System Least Irrigated area in Pasauli (11 %) but in Devthala, agriculture was entirely rain dependant. Water conveyance Water distribution Water application

Elevation of intake structure along left bank of the stream Plan of the intake structure of the water conveyance system

Galvanized Iron(GI) pipeline Dia of pipe : 100mm Length: 2080 m Gravity head: 37.87 m Discharge: 10 LPS Designed for Gravity flow.

Distribution System A masonry tank of size (7.4 x 5.5 x 1.8 m) and a capacity of 50,000 liters was constructed at an altitude of 709 m amsl and was fed with water conveying through the main GI pipe by gravity flow from the source.

Blocks PW:16.28 ha; slope: 4.3% PE:5.5 ha; slope: 13% D: 4.5 ha; slope: 4.3 % To minimize the cost of the system, PVC pipes of 110 mm  was laid out in the command area.

On-farm Water Management In all three blocks, one riser is provided at every 1.5 ha, this is termed as unit command area. To enhance the application efficiency of irrigation, collapsible synthetic pipes are being used to irrigate individual fields of the unit command area are encouraged to use.

To avoid the conflict: in one season, delivery of water follows the sequence from head to the tail riser and in next season delivery sequence gets reversed To enhance the water use efficiency, Drip irrigation system has been equipped with three risers with objective to popularize the system

Cost Effectiveness Initial Expenditure (Rs/Ha) one lakh Item Quantity (in Lakhs) GI pipeline, 4’  2 km 17.95 PVC pipeline, 4’  1.6 km 3.96 Trenching/Laying/jointing/fixing GI & PVC 1.18 Intake & masonry tank/pipe support works 3.00 Total 26.09 Initial Expenditure (Rs/Ha) one lakh In case of WC water conveyance system(as per norms of state): 1.5 lakh/ha Annual Repair & maintenance cost (Indicative) For pipeline: 1% For WC: 10 %

Landuse change

Developing water conveyance system in Tube well command area(UP) T/w equipping with PVC pipeline PVC pipeline in T/w command area Outlet with air vent Collapsible pipes

Total Water Requirement Daily Water Requirement Irrigation requirement of some common crops grown in India Crop Growing period            ( No. of days ) Total Water Requirement Daily Water Requirement in cm Jawar 114 64.25 0.57 Maize 100 44.50 0.45 Rice 93 104.50 1.07 Wheat 88 37.00 0.42 Groundnut 124 65.25 0.52 Linseed 31.71 0.35 Cotton 202 105.50 Sugarcane 365 237.50 0.65 Tobacco 132 98.00 0.75 Onion 120 75.00 0.62 Potato 30.00 Pea Mustard 25.20 0.30 Barley 0.40 Oat 36.00 Ragi 127 74.50 IISWC

ANIMAL WATER REQUIREMENT Animal MP State Norms Cattle 135 lit/day Horse/Donkeys /Camel 45 lit/day Pigs 15 lit/day Goats/Sheep/poultry 08 lit/day Buffalo 155 lit/day THE GROUND WATER REQUIREMENT FOR LIVE –STOCK IS ASSUMED TO BE 10 PERCENT OF TOTAL REQUIREMENT, AS MAJOR PORTION OF LIVE STOCK TAKES WATER FROM SURFACE RESOURCES. A CRYSTAL OF THE POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE SHOULD BE ADDED TO THE WATER AS 2.1 PPM WITH A CONTACT PERIOD OF ABOUT 3 TO 4 HOURS 70 lpcd for municipalities supply and 40 lpcd for rural supply

Head wall against flood flow through culverts, bridges Water harvesting

We know the importance when well dries THANKS

B3.1.2 Fundamentals of irrigation Crops and water: Pan coefficient Cropped area Dry Fallow area Humidity <40% 40-70% >70% Light wind 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.60 0.70 0.80 Moderate wind 0.55 Strong wind 0.50 Very strong wind 0.5 0.40

B3.1.2 Fundamentals of irrigation Crops and water: Crop coefficient Relative humidity >70% (humid) <20% (dry) Growing period (days) Mid season Final growth Barley 1.1 0.25 1.2 0.2 120-165 Green beans 0.95 0.85 1.0 0.9 75-90 Maize 0.55 0.6 80-110 Millet 1.05 0.3 1.15 105-140 Sorghum 0.5 120-130 Cotton 0.65 180-195 Tomatoes 135-180 Cabbage/Cauliflower 80-95

B3.1.2 Fundamentals of irrigation Crops and water: Crop coefficient ETcr = Crop evapotranspiration (mm/day) Kc = Crop coefficient ETo = Reference crop evapotranspiration (mm/day)

B3.1.2 Fundamentals of irrigation Crops and water: Pan coefficient ETcr = Reference crop evapotranspiration Kp = Pan coefficient Eoan =Pan evaporation

IISWC