Social behaviour Biol 455 Mammalogy March 29, 2005.

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Presentation transcript:

Social behaviour Biol 455 Mammalogy March 29, 2005

What is a social group? Group of individuals of the same species organized in a cooperative manner Beyond sexual and parental behaviour Most social groups are organized matrilinearlly (mothers, daughters, sisters, aunts, and nieces) Male-biased dispersal, male often unrelated to other adults in group

Examples of social behaviour Alarm calling Alarm caller draw predator attention (altruistic) Cooperative rearing of young Non-breeder help with lactation and care of young Coalitions and alliances Cooperate to access resources, need to be reciprocated Eusociality Reproductive and non-reproductive members help getting food, defend nest, rear young

Why mammals live in groups? Relate to two ecological factors: predation pressure and resource distribution Cost and benefits of group living Sociality evolved when benefits of group living is higher than costs

Benefits of groups Protection from physical factors - huddling Protection against predators - “many eyes hypothesis” or group defense Finding and obtaining food - cooperation in hunting Group defense of resources - maintenance of territory Assembling members for locations of mates - leks Division of labor among specialists Richer learning environment for young

Costs of groups Increased intraspecific competition for resources Increased chance of disease and parasite transmission Interference with reproduction

How social behaviour evolves? Group selection: individuals work together sacrificing personal gain to achieve group benefits Natural selection operating at group-level - William 1966, Wilson 1980 Selfish herd Each individual try to reduce its chances of being caught by a predator - Hamilton (1971)

How social behaviour evolves con’t Kin selection If a gene causes some altruistic behaviour, the gene’s success depends not on the its benefit to the individual but itself b * r > c Inclusive fitness: reproductive fitness of individual include the reproductive fitness of its relatives other than its own offspring Need to be able to recognize kins

How social behaviour evolves con’t Reciprocal altruism Individuals cooperate and behave altruistically, if such act is reciprocated later Mutualism Both individuals benefit from relationship with no apparent cost Ecological constraints Environmental factors restrict the chances of individuals to breed independently Could be due to habitat saturation or unpredictable environment (high cost of reproduction)