9:3 ● Artillery fire kills more people in WWI than any other weapon ● Out-dated military tactics meet new technology

9:3 ● Trench Warfare ● Dig trenches for safety from artillery ● Machine guns used as defense ● “No-Man's Land” – Land between trenches

9:3

● “Trenchfoot” ● Cold, wet, unsanitary conditions

9:3 New Technology ● Poison Gas ● Gas masks

9:3 ● Tank ● Introduced by the British ● Crushed barbwire ● Protected troops ● Not used as a military weapon until WW2

9:3 ● Aircraft used as weapons ● First used as scouts ● Machine guns added later ● Average life expectancy for a combat pilot: two weeks

9:3 ● Zeppelins ● Germans ● Drop bombs on British warships in North Sea

9:3 ● “Doughboys” ● Young, inexperienced American servicemen

9:3 ● Russia Leaves the War ● People revolt due to lack of food and goods ● “Russian Revolution” – Beginning of Communism in Russia ● Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – Russia leaves the war (March, 1918) – Russia loses: Ukraine, Baltics, Poland, and Finland

9:3 ● Germany's Last Offensive ● Massive attack on Western Front to take Paris (March, 1918) ● American and French troops hold Paris (June, 1918) – Blocked German drive at Chateau – Thierry

9:3 ● Battle of Argonne Forest ● Ferdinand Foch, Supreme Allied Commander – Orders massive counter-attack – American General Pershing assembles (Sep, 1918) ● 600,000 troops ● 40,000 tons of supplies ● 4,000 artillery pieces ● Largest American offensive in history – German defenses collapse – Germans retreat

9:3 ● American Heroes ● Alvin York – “conscientious objector” ● Did not believe in killing or war – Battle of Argonne Forest – Charged German machine gun battery – Alvin York Institute ● School for poor Tennessee children

9:3 ● Eddie Rickenbacker ● Famous race car driver ● 134 air battles – Shot down 26 aircraft ● Fought seven German aircraft simultaneously ● Top American combat pilot for WWI

9:3 ● Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia ● Declare independence from Austria-Hungary Empire (October, 1918) ● Austrian-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires surrender to Allies ● German navy mutinies ● German emperor steps down ● Germany becomes a republic ● Armistice (truce) signed on the 11 th hour of the 11 th day of the 11 th month (1918)

9:3 A Flawed Peace ● Treaty of Versailles ● Harsh peace terms for Germany ● “reparations”: monetary compensation for war damage -page 343 ● Wilson's Fourteen Points ● A peace plan ● “League of Nations” – Senate rejects