林明瑋 歐恩盈 林佳瑩 謝惠羽 翁睿安

A series of changes in European thought and letters Hard to find a beginning and an end point Build up the cultural movements, containing a variety of fields (rational + empirical) Purpose: To break from the past and replace the old thoughts with a new aspect

15 th ark Age 17 th Science Revolution 18 th Enlightenment 18th Industrial Revolution American Revolutionary War French revolution

Published the book, Leviathan, one of the most revolutionary & influential works on political theory in European history All-powerful monarchy Selfishness of human beings

Believed the one and only thing in the universe is God Argued that human beings fundamentally act in accordance with natural law Implied that democracy is the best way to balance individual and common right

The human mind at birth is a blank, completely empirical Environment changes moral and intellectual outcomes Absolute power is an unnatural development in human history The purpose of authority is to protect human equality and freedom It is the duty of people overthrow the ruler if a “social contract” is broken

Deism “I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Disapprove of monarchy

Rationalism A Rationalist is a philosopher who believes that we can gain knowledge by the use of reason alone, without reference to the external world. Empiricism Empiricism is the belief that all knowledge comes from experience. The "empirical world" is the world of the senses, i.e. the world we can see, feel, touch, hear and smell.

French revolution : Liberty, Equality, Fraternity The rise of Liberalism The rise of rationalism & romanticism The rise of capitalism& socialism