Bellringer What was the Neolithic Revolution and why is it important? What is Hellenistic culture and who gets credit for spreading it? The change from hunting and gathering to farming. It is important because it allowed civilization to develop. Hellenistic culture is the combination of Greek, Persian, Indian and Egyptian cultures. Alexander the Great spread it during his conquests What was the most powerful force in medieval Europe? What is the age of Exploration and who was involved? The Roman Catholic church because they gave the sacraments, and people believed to go to heaven they needed the sacraments The time period when Europeans looked for direct trade routes to cut out the middle Men. Zheng He, Columbus, Dias, Magellan

Bellringer What was the Agricultural Revolution and why is it important? New technologies that helped people grow more food. Iron plow, three field system, turnips What was the Eastern Roman Empire known as? Byzantine Empire Name the three monotheistic religions What are the four river valley civilizations? Nile- Egypt Tigris and Euphrates- Mesopotamia Indus-India Huang He- China Christianity, Judaism, Islam

9th Grade final review

Paleolithic Neolithic The change from nomadic hunting and gathering to settled living and farming. Paleolithic Neolithic -hunters -gatherers -short life span -elder leaders -Nomadic -Farmers -animal husbandry -civilization develops -surplus food= bigger population 

River Valleys Nile: Egypt Many civilizations begin in river valleys because they provide a water source, a food source, flooding provides silt and rivers are beneficial for trade. Nile: Egypt Tigris and Euphrates: Mesopotamia (Babylon and Sumer) Indus: India Huang He (Yellow River): China TB 1:56

Belief Systems Belief systems developed to help keep society in order Animism/ Shinto Hinduism Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Confucianism Taoism

Animism Belief that spirits live in the natural world Mountain and lake worship is common Practiced by many around the world, including Native Americans Similar to Shintoism and Taoism of Southeast Asia

Hinduism India Polytheistic Reincarnation – rebirth into a different Caste Karma and Dharma- live a good life Caste system (social structure) Ganges River Moksha Upanishads, Gita, Vedas- holy books

Buddhism No gods Reincarnation Karma and Dharma No caste system 4 Noble Truths and 8 Fold Path- life is suffering caused by desire. Use 8 fold path to end desire. Nirvana- heaven 3 Baskets of Wisdom

Islam Allah- one true God- monotheistic Muhammad- founder and prophet 5 Pillars (Hajj, Ramadan, charity, monotheistic, pray 5 times a day) Mosque- their holy structure Quran (Koran) Practiced throughout the Middle East

Taoism and Shintoism Means “The Way” Balance and harmony NATURE Japan

Confucianism Philosophy China 5 Relationships (set examples and follow them) Filial Piety- respect your elders Order, structure in society The Analects (sacred book)

Judaism “Jews” Torah- holy Book Synagogue – place of worship Saturdays are Sabbath day (holy day) They do not believe the prophet has come (Jesus) 10 commandments Monotheistic

Christianity Bible- Holy book Church Jesus is prophet for God Monotheistic (one God) 10 commandments

Ancient Rome Began on the Italian Peninsula- protected by Mediterranean sea and Alps mountains Established Republic- government by the people Twelve Tables; Roman law code including innocent until proven guilty. Romans dominated trade on the Mediterranean and believed they were better than anyone else.

Byzantine Empire After Rome split, the Eastern half became the Byzantine Empire The Byzantines preserved Greek and roman culture, including the Twelve Tables Greek orthodox religion caused a schism within the Catholic church but Cultural diffusion to Russia spread Orthodox Christianity

Law Codes Name Location Importance Hammurabi’s Code Babylon, Mesopotamia First written laws- eye for an eye Twelve Tables Rome Justice for all- innocent until proven guilty Justinian’s code Byzantine Empire Organized and preserved Rome’s twelve tables Law codes help maintain order in society by defining illegal behavior and prescribing punishments.

Cultural Diffusion The movement of goods, ideas, belief systems, technologies and people. Some major examples of cultural diffusion are the trade routes such as the Silk road, Monsoon Marketplace, Triangle trade and West Saharan Trade routes. Other examples include the exchange of Orthodox religion by Byzantine and Korea’s the ‘cultural bridge’ between China and Japan

Types of Governments Government Explanation Republic People have a say through a vote Democracy People have a direct say by participating in discussion Monarchy Use Divine Right to justify power (God gave them power_ Chinese Dynasties Mandate of Heaven was an order from God (like Divine Right) There are many forms of government, but we have studied mostly monarchies and dynasties. These families maintained control through “Divine Right”

Medieval Europe After the fall of Rome Europe fell into the Dark Ages: -No trade -No Education -Weak decentralized Government -Focused on the Church Society became ordered by Feudalism: exchange loyalty and service for land and protection.

Medieval Manors Self-sufficient manors could care for themselves and did not require goods from outside sources. They used the three field system to ensure fertile soil.

Crusades Pope Urban II told European Christians to attack the Middle East Muslims and reclaim the Holy Land Thought largely unsuccessful, the Crusades exposed Europeans to goods from India and China. When the crusades end, trade to Europe increased.

Pax Mongolia The Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, took over Russia, China and the Middle East. The Mongol Empire was safe and relatively peaceful. Conquered peoples needed to pay tribute but were otherwise left alone. This time of peace is known as the Pax Mongolia, and resulted in more trade. Soon the Bubonic plague travelled by trade to Europe.

Age of Exploration Explorer Dias De Gama Columbus Magellan After the crusades more goods flowed into Europe. However middlemen caused the prices to soar so Europeans started looking for new trade routes. The Europeans began looking for an alternative trade route by sea to cut out the middle men Explorer Achievements Dias -Found the Cape of Good Hope; a sea passage to the South of Africa De Gama -Rounded the Cape of Good Hope and landed in India. Brought back tons of spices and sold for huge profit Columbus -Established the first lasting trade between the Old world and the New World when he found the Caribbean Magellan First to circumnavigate the world Zheng He Chinese explorer throughout the Indian Ocean. Believed China was superior= ethnocentric

Mesoamerican Civilizations Before Columbus ever reached the New World there were several very advanced civilizations: the Aztecs, Incas and Mayas These civilizations made great accomplishments: Aztecs Current Day Mexico Built chinampas to expand capital city and supply food for the people Incas Andes Mountains in South America Built extensive road systems to control the Empire. Also used Terrace Farming Mayas South Mexico Printed books and developed a 365 day calendar and the concept of Zero

Triangle Trade Trade between the Americas, Europe and Africa African slaves travelled along the Middle Passage

Revolutions Revolution Change Neolithic Commercial Agricultural Hunting and Gathering farming, animal husbandry and . villages Commercial Marked by the rise of banking and profit. Also guilds established Agricultural New technologies helped Europeans grow more food: Three field system, turnips, and iron plow

Crash course Review But first, tell me 5 facts, events, people or ideas that are associated with China. Tb 6:32