The interaction of housing and neighbourhood change: the impact of brownfield residential reuse in England Joseph Rowntree Foundation Housing and Neighbourhoods Monitor Cecilia Wong Professor of Spatial Planning and Director of Centre for Urban Policy Studies University of Manchester

Research Team  Manchester: Cecilia Wong, Richard Kingston, Stephen Hincks, Andreas Schulze-Baing, Yi Gong, Brian Webb, and Brian Robson  Glasgow: Kenneth Gibb and Chris Leishman  Ulster: Stanley McGreal, Louise Brown, and Neale Blair

Presentation I.Nature and approach of the Monitor II.Brownfield residential redevelopment in England: what happens to the most deprived neighbourhoods? (June 2010)

Purpose of the HNM To provide a longitudinal and a cross-country overview of contemporary changes to the UK’s housing and neighbourhoods, along with an assessment of progress against key Government policy objectives on housing and neighbourhoods. To identify a set of coherent and robust indicators that can truly reflect the changing trends and issues in relation to housing and neighbourhoods across the UK.

Distinctiveness of the approach A UK-wide monitoring exercise reflecting developments in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The spatial scales of analysis cover the macro spatial level of the UK and the micro level of neighbourhood/local authority districts. The analysis considers how housing issues interact with wider neighbourhood characteristics to affect the overall trajectories of different types of neighbourhoods. It identifies major policy outcomes of housing and neighbourhood change by performing analysis of cross- cutting themes and by highlighting key policy implications. Dissemination on a new website

What is a neighbourhood? Neighbourhoods are defined as the bundle of place- oriented characteristics (e.g. the layout of streets, public spaces, local schools and convenience stores) associated with clusters of residences (followed Galster 2001) A multi-level spatial view of neighbourhoods, ranging from street block to an entire sector of the city, to reflect the varied spatial extent of different attributes. England & Wales – MSOA Northern Ireland – SOA Scotland – intermediate geography

Brownfield residential redevelopment in England: what happens to the most deprived neighbourhoods?

The meeting of the brownfield target has been a function of a parallel decrease in the use of greenfield land.

There has been a higher level of brownfield housing development in the most deprived neighbourhoods. These areas also have housing developments with much higher density as well as experiencing major house price increases.

Escalator: the incomers come from similar or more deprived areas and the out-movers go to less deprived areas. This neighbourhood type represents upward progression through housing and labour markets. Gentrifier: the social composition is altered by in-movers coming from less deprived areas and out-movers going to similar or more deprived locations. Isolate: these neighbourhoods tend to have less inward or outward migration links to other less deprived areas, hence they are socially more isolated. Transit: most in and out movers come from and go to less deprived areas. Typically, this represents the early move onto the housing ladder for young households.

O Gentrifier areas performed best in terms of the take-up of brownfield land in the early 2000s and their improvement in the EDI. However, house price increases were not as high as in other areas. O Transit areas experienced a high level of brownfield reuse, particularly since the mid 2000s, with extremely high density housing. Like Gentrifiers, they too experienced high population growth, brownfield reuse and improvement in economic deprivation rankings. These areas did not experience the highest house price change as they commanded relatively high house prices throughout the 2000s. O Isolate areas experienced major brownfield recycling activities but at a relatively low density. While these neighbourhoods experienced a substantial increase in house prices from a very low price level, there was lower population growth. O Escalator areas performed at a more modest level in terms of house price increase across different house types and improvement in the EDI rankings. However, they experienced the highest level of price increase in the flats market between 2001 and Differential Impacts in different areas

Policy Implications whether a blanket national brownfield target, with a very broad brush definition, continues to be meaningful brownfield reuse has helped to bring residents back into the most deprived neighbourhoods, injecting dynamics into the housing market, and reducing the relative ranking of economic deprivation in these areas these signs of policy success can also be interpreted as a function of how the housing market interacts with more general policy frameworks, with developers choosing areas with more favourable development potential for major brownfield reuse activities a need to reconsider the strategy and target of housing planning to meet the projected housing needs in the most sustainable manner