YEAR 7 HISTORY REVISION

What is History?

Why did Rome expand? The Build Up EMPIRE A group of countries controlled by one government or person. This could be an Emperor (male leader) or Empress (female leader.) REPUBLIC A state in which power is held by the people and they elect representatives to govern of their behalf The Build Up The General Caesar was a successful army general This meant he spent a lot of time with the plebeians as well as patricians He strongly believed in the rights of the plebeians He knew true power came with the support of the people His changes He helped limit slavery by ordering landowners to hire workers rather than use slaves He made public games free to all the people of Rome He built more roads (helping the unemployed) Coins Caesar was the first Roman to have his face put on a coin while he was still alive The Romans believed only ancestors and gods could be pictured Caesar was equating himself with gods and Eastern kings Ego He has appointed himself Dictator-for-Life. Caesar now rules alone- no longer getting another consul Starts wearing an all-purple toga and red shoes like a god or a king Egypt It is thought Cleopatra was his mistress She has a son she names Caesarion So he spent a lot of time away from Rome in Egypt Death Caesar was murdered by plotters, Brutus was a part of it. Caesar received 23 blows as people fought to kill him, for them he had become to powerful. The Legacy The death of Caesar ended the Republic and started the Roman Empire His son, Octavian became the first emperor He reformed the calendar which has been changed little over the millennia The month July is named after him He inspired Shakespeare to write a play about him.

Roman Name Greek Name Description The Olympians are a group of 12 gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans. All the Olympians are related in some way. They are named after their dwelling place, Mount Olympus. The Romans and the Greeks shared the same stories, but they used different names. Roman Name Greek Name Description Jupiter Zeus He was the master of the gods and the main god of the Romans. He held thunderbolts which he could hurl from the sky. Juno Hera She was the wife of Jupiter, the goddess of women and fertility. Protector of marriage, spent most of her time punishing the many women Zeus fell in love with. Neptune Poseidon He was the powerful god of the sea. His symbol was the trident. Pluto Hades He was the god of the underworld and the judge of the dead. He was also the god of mined metals like gold and silver- the physical underworld. Mars Ares He was the god of war, the strongest and most fearsome god, except for Jupiter. Venus Aphrodite She was the goddess of love and beauty. Minerva Athene She was the goddess of wisdom, learning, art crafts and industry. Her symbol was the owl. Ceres Demeter She was the goddess of the harvest, always depicted carrying a bundle of grain. Diana Artemis She was the goddess of hunting and a goddess of the moon. Mercury Hermes He was the messenger of the gods. The wings on his helmet and sandals allowed him to travel quickly to wherever a god might send him. He was the god of travellers and tradesmen. Vesta Hestea She was the goddess of the heart and home and was very important to Romans. In her temple a flame was always kept burning as in the 'hearth of Rome'. Apollo God of music, healing, light, and truth. He moved the sun across the sky.

Legion made up of 6000 legionaries Divided into 6 centuries Structure of the Roman Army Legion made up of 6000 legionaries Divided into 10 cohorts Divided into 6 centuries 100 100 100 100 100 100

A Roman soldier’s armour and weapons Each soldier wore a steel helmet, a wool tunic and a protective vest made of leather and strips of metal to the front. Roman soldiers wore no armour on their back. Soldiers weapons included 2 long spears called javelins, a sword and a dagger. Soldiers had a wooden shield to help protect themselves. Roman soldiers wore hob-nailed sandals.

Why become a Roman Soldier? You could earn a good reliable wage If you were brave, you were rewarded with a crown! After your service in the army you usually received some land or money Uniform, weapons and equipment all provided You could earn extra money from robbing those you defeated You would be fit, strong and brave – impress all the ladies!

Roman Gladiators The Roman amphitheatre was the centre of public entertainment all over the Roman Empire. People would go to the amphitheatre to see men fighting wild beasts or each other. These men were called Gladiators. Who were the Gladiators? Slaves, criminals, prisoners of war or paid professional fighters. The Gladiators would train/exercise every day to help prepare them for fights. If they won a lot of fights they would earn money which they could use to buy their freedom. If you were a really good gladiator and won a lot of fights you would become quite famous in the Roman Empire. The Games Some gladiator fights were part of a big event called ‘the Games’ These games would take place in the Colosseum in Rome. 50,000 people could watch the games. During the games they had three different fights. In the morning there would be animal shows were animals would fight each other. In the afternoon gladiators would fight against animals and then finally it would be time for gladiator fights. What was it like at a Gladiator fight? The popularity of these fights led to the deaths of over 800,000 people in the Colosseum in Rome. The Emperor would decide if the gladiator should live or die he would listen to the crowds noises before deciding if a gladiator should live or die. A lot of Roman citizens would gamble money on who would win certain fights. Rich citizens normally sat near the front and the poor citizens sat at the back The crowd were often very rowdy and enjoyed seeing the violence of the fights.

Different types of Gladiators 1) Samnite 2) Murmillo Different types of Gladiators 3) Thracian 4) Retiarius

Reasons why the Romans invaded Britain