Relations Between Human and Nonhuman Animals Food, clothing Pets, bird feeders Entertainment Zoos, hunting, fishing, bird watching, snorkling Human incursions on animal habitats Pest control Flee spray, extermination, rodent control

Relations Between Human and Nonhuman Animals Interdependence Usage: Agriculture: 8,539,848,000 Total research: 8,452,186 0.099% of total animals used

The Three R’s of Animal Research Russell & Burch, 1959 Replace animal testing with other techniques Reduce the number of animals needed with statistical techniques Refine the experimental procedure to reduce discomfort (“suffering”)

Alternatives to Animal Research Naturalistic observations Plants Tissue cultures Computer simulation

Issues Importance of considering the animal’s umweldt Animal welfare vs animal rights Anti-intellectual impact of restrictions on animal research