Grade 8 term 4

 Scarcity of resources  Surplus : having more than required ie Middle East has plenty of oil, but not enough agricultural industry.  Lack of technology/ cheaper  Political reasons (friendly relations)  Threat of not trading used if a country wants to make changes

 Transport that moves goods around the world  Must be effective & efficient  Foreign currency  Transport must be suitable for what is being traded.  Time, cost, safety & specialised features to look at when choosing the right mode of transport.

 If it is to high it will deter customers  If it cost manufacturers to much money to transport products they would rather use money to invest.  = less jobs & less money circulating in the economy.  Infrastructure is expensive to build & maintain

 The benefits of infrastructure must out way costs.  Benefits of infrastructure include:  Increase trade  Increased investments by overseas countries  Job creation in the transport sector  Expanding manufacturing sectorie garages, restaurants develop along newly built roads

 Sea  Air  Road  Rail  Pipelines  These are all used for economic trade, political security & day to day travel

 90% of trade moved by sea  Shipping lanes extend around the globe, linking continents  North America, Europe, Asia & Australia are highly developed.

 Well established harbours can handle millions of tones of cargo.  Different ships used to carry different cargo  SPECIALIZED SHIPS  Container ships  Tankers  Passenger liners  Bulk carriers

 Cargo  Grains  Ore  Coal  Cement  Sugar  Molasses  Wine  Chemicals  Liquid petroleum  Motor vehicles  Transport by sea is cheaper. But it is time consuming. Bulk transportation in one trip. Reliable & safe due to technology.

 Wright brothers 1903  Fast & efficient  Transport people & cargo (livestock, cars, mining equipment etc)  High cost = light items  Items that must be delivered quickly = perishables  Precious or sensitive items  Disadvantages: high freight costs, delays, cancellations, taxes & surchages.

 Business  Tourists  Just for import trade industries for mining & tourism  Privately owned airlines  Crop spraying or medical services  military

 Transportation of goods & people  The effectiveness & efficiency depends on the quality of infrastructure.  Choosing your mode of transport:  Distance  Weight/volume of cargo  Type of goods

 Transportation of goods & people  Condition of rails as well as how wide spread it is around the country.  Electricity or diesel used to power trains  Good for heavy/bulk cargo  Cheap  Slow form of transport  Also requires another type of transport to deliver, collect the cargo.

 Long distance fluid transport  Liquids & gas  Most valuable pipe lines are those transporting crude petroleum and oil.  Please complete ACTIVITY 3  Topic 7 Unit 1

 SANRAL - South African National Roads Agency.  ACSA – The Airports Company South Africa  SACAA – The South African Civil Aviation Authority  Transnet

 National road network km of roads and infrastructure  Links between cities

 SA’s rail network the most highly developed in Africa.  Owned by Transnet

 10 main airports handle over 98% of countries commercial air traffic.  SAA is the largest in Africa connecting more that 20 cities around the continent and major cities around the world.  Cape town international is the best  OR Tambo third best  King Shaka 4 th best

 9 th largest harbour in the world  Busiest general cargo port in Africa  One of the largest & busiest container terminals in the Southern Hemisphere (3rd)  Trade Hub in Africa  Focal point of economic growth & development in SA

 Located in a natural lagoon in KZN  Only opening large enough on a long stretch of SA’s Eastern coast between PE and Maputo.  Weather pleasant throughout the year  Favourable holiday destination

 Most of SA’s containerised trade  65% passes through the Durban harbour.  Trade includes almost all of the countries petroleum products and most of SA’s sugar exports and motor vehicle imports & exports.

 Container ship: truck load sizes cargo  Tankers: Transport liquid in bulk  Passenger liners: transport people  Bulk Carriers: carry unpackaged cargo e.g. grains, coal, ore and cement.