Decreased clouds and convection Decreased net radiation Increased albedo Reduced vegetation cover Decreased latent heat flux Decreased sensible heat flux.

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Presentation transcript:

Decreased clouds and convection Decreased net radiation Increased albedo Reduced vegetation cover Decreased latent heat flux Decreased sensible heat flux Reduced water vapor Reduced boundary layer heating Reduced soil water Decreased solar radiation absorption Increased solar radiation Figure 27.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Decreased clouds and convection Decreased roughness length Reduced vegetation cover Decreased latent heat flux Decreased sensible heat flux Reduced water vapor Reduced boundary layer heating Reduced soil water Increased aerodynamic resistance Figure 27.2 Increased surface temperature Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

km km km km km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean km km km km km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean Desert planetGreen planet Figure 27.3 Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 125 W m W m W m W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 9.1  C Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 130 W m W m -2 8 W m W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 7.9  C Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Days Since Rain Mexico-U.S. Difference (W m -2 ) Latent Heat Sensible Heat Days Since Rain Mexico-U.S. Difference (  C) Air Temperature Surface Temperature 9-13 August 1988, 1100 local time Figure 27.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure 27.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure 27.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Overgrazing Less rainfall Decreased clouds and convection Subsidence Decreased net radiation Surface cooling Increased albedo Drought Reduced vegetation cover Figure 27.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Precipitation Difference (mm day -1 ) W10W010E20E30E40E50E 20N 15N 10N 5N5N EQ Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure AridSemi-aridDry sub- humid Moist sub- humid Humid Annual Precipitation (mm) AridSemi-aridDry sub- humid Moist sub- humid Humid Annual Albedo Open shrub Closed shrub GrassWooded grass Crop Annual Precipitation (mm) Annual Albedo Open shrub Closed shrub GrassWooded grass Crop Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Annual Rainfall Anomaly (mm per year) Observed Atmosphere-Ocean Atmosphere-Ocean-Land Atmosphere-Ocean-Land-Vegetation Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Forest Woodland Open Woodland Mallee Saltbush Grassland Crops Pasture 500 km North Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane Remaining Woodland Remaining Forest Remaining Mallee Some Tree Loss Greatest Tree Loss Other Vegetation Unchanged North 500 km Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane Area (thousand km 2 ) Area (thousand km 2 ) Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Legend 1, trees to shrub 2, trees to grass 3, shrub to trees 4, shrub to grass 5, sparse to shrub 6, sparse to grass Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E Figure S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E <-40 W m -2 >20 W m -2 <-20 W m to -10 W m -2 >10 W m -2 >0.8  C>0.2  C<-0.2  C January Temperature DifferenceJuly Temperature Difference January Latent Heat Flux DifferenceJuly Latent Heat Flux Difference Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure VegetationSoil texture Soil colorDeforestation 1, lightest; 8, darkest Coarsest: 1, sand Finest: 12, clay Evergreen broadleaf tree Deciduous broadleaf tree Deciduous shrub Crop Tall grass Short grass Semi-desert Surface air temperature (  C)Soil surface temperature (  C) Precipitation (mm)Evapotranspiration (mm) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Days Since Rainfall Evapotranspiration (mm) Pasture Forest Incoming (S  ) Reflected (S  ) Net Upward Longwave (L  -L  ) Net Radiation (S  -S  +L  -L  ) Radiative Flux (MJ m -2 day -1 ) Solar Radiation Forest Pasture Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct NovDec Diurnal Temperature Range (  C) Pasture Forest Local Time (hours) Boundary Layer Height (m) Pasture Forest Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Dry Soil Low Transpiration Shallow Roots Winter Hemisphere (dry season) Summer Hemisphere (wet season) Increased Precipitation Moister Air More Convection Strengthened Circulation Increased Soil Water Increased Transpiration Deep Roots Equator Winter Hemisphere (dry season) Summer Hemisphere (wet season) Equator Precipitation Intertropical Convergence Zone Wet Soil Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Present-day vegetation Grass (present-natural)Crop (present-natural) Broadleaf deciduous tree (present-natural) Needleleaf evergreen tree (present-natural) Figure Broadleaf deciduous forest Needleleaf evergreen forest Mixed forest Forest crop Crop Grass Other Natural vegetation Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

LAI (m 2 m -2 ) Figure LAI (m 2 m -2 ) Net Radiation (W m -2 ) JFMAMJJASOND Net Radiation (W m -2 ) JFMAMJJASOND Net Radiation (W m -2 ) JFMAMJJASOND Net Radiation (W m -2 ) JFMAMJJASOND Net Radiation (W m -2 ) LAI (m 2 m -2 ) JFMAMJJASOND Net Radiation (W m -2 ) JFMAMJJASOND Forest Winter Forest Summer Grass Winter Grass Summer Grass Spring Forest Spring ET (mm day -1 ) JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND Forest Summer Forest Spring Forest Winter JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND JFMAMJJASOND ET (mm day -1 ) Grass Summer Grass Spring Grass Winter Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Percent Land Covered By Green Vegetation Percent Land Covered By Green Vegetation 8 April June 2000 Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

34 32 Fort Morgan km Greeley Fort Collins Contour from 38 to 28 by 2 Surface temperature (  C) at 13:00, 1 August to 15 August Figure Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Present-day Land Cover B1: 2100 Change from PresentA2: 2100 Change from Present B1: Land Use Temperature Difference (  C)A2: Land Use Temperature Difference (  C) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

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