Nationalism comes to Italy, Il Risorgimento! The Resurgence!

The Italian Peninsula Pre 1850 – NO “Italy” –(Metternich called it a “geographic expression”) Independent kingdoms: –Austria: Lombardy, Venetia –Italian: Sardinia, Piedmont (King Charles Albert) –Tuscany: Central States –Papal States –Spanish Bourbons: Kingdom of 2 Sicilies Piedmont and Sardinia - most progressive kingdom –Ruled by the Kings of the House of Savoy

Early attempts at unification: ) Carbonari: first vs. Napoleon – then Austria –“charcoal burners” –Want Italian Unity 2) Mazzini: –Established Young Italy in 1831 –Goals: Eliminate Austria from Italian politics Overthrow Italian tyrants Universal suffrage – will of the people Unite Italy – centralized democratic republic

Early attempts at unification: ) Gioberti: Catholic priest –Federation of existing states –Presidency by progressive pope, however –Pope Pius IX ( ) – liberal but vs. unification Driven from Rome 1848-April 1850 by Garibaldi and his Red Shirts Syllabus of Errors 1864 vs. rationalism, socialism, modernism 4) Autocracy of Sardinia-Piedmont –King Charles Albert ( ) –King Victor Emmanuel II ( )

Attempts at unifying: –Rioting in Sicily, Lombardy, Venice… –March: Piedmont-Sardinia - Charles Albert, ( ) granted subjects a liberal constitution –Bourbon ruler of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II, forced to grant a liberal constitution 1848: –May: Two Sicilies’ revolt suppressed –July: Austrians restored control in Lombardy & Venetia 1849: –In February, Mazzini and Garibaldi proclaim: Roman Republic in the Papal States! –French take Rome in April of 1850 – Pope returns –Austrians defeat Piedmont forces

Camillo di Cavour , Piedmont nobility Finance minister of Piedmont under Victor Emmanuel II till – Prime Minister of Piedmont Realist – Liberal who pushed liberal reform –Pro industry, expansion –Reformed Piedmont currency –Balanced state budget –Promoted economic development –Financed large army –Anti Church Siccardi Laws suppressed privileges of clergy & Church (civil law over canon law) Ratazzi Bill 1855 – suppression of monasteries –Opposed to “romantic” nationalism of Mazzini

Camillo di Cavour First – pro northern unity – didn’t want papal states BUT realized can’t win vs. Austria without help – turns to France! –Napoleon III willing in 1858 So Piedmont provokes war vs. Austria – but July 1859 Napoleon III signs Peace of Villafranca with Austria –No unification YET Lombardy unified with Piedmont; Parma, Modena, Tuscany & northern part of Papal states vote to join PIedmont BUT Venetia still Austrian! Cavour resigns!!! – enraged!!!! – but returns, of course

Giuseppi Garibaldi: ending Risorgimento aka “The Sword” Goals –Eliminate Austria from Italian politics –Overthrow Italian tyrants –Unite Italy as democratic republic May 1860 “Red Shirt” guerillas – to “liberate” 2 Sicilies –Encouraged by Victor Emmanuel II (BUT Cavour distrusts him) –Wins by Sept and heads to Rome to attack –Cavour 1 step ahead – occupies papal states to prevent chaos –Plebiscite – unites North and South – Garibaldi & VE II

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy

Viva Italia! 1861 –Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy (Cavour dies!!) –All states except Venetia (Austria), Rome (Pope) 1866 – Venetia won due to Prussian victory over Austria (Austro-Prussian War) 1870 – Rome taken as French troops pull out! (due to Franco-Prussian War) Under King Victor Emmanuel II –Parliamentary Monarchy w/ limited male suffrage (600,000 of 2 million can vote) –Mazzini disappointed with results of unification Sig: Unity (on paper!!!) BUT revolutionary movements continue – socialist / anarchist