 HW N-5 due Wednesday.

 Theme for this week: The effect of Nationalism on Europe in the mid to late 19 th century. How did nationalism help certain areas in Europe to come together as united, independent countries (like Italy and Germany), and how did it tear apart some of the largest empires in Europe (like the Austrian Empire, Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire?

A. Austria → Given control over Lombardy and Venetia B. Spain → Given the kingdom of the two Sicilies.

A. Giuseppe Mazzini – Led nationalist group called Young Italy (1831) Had a dream to create an independent, united Italy Attempted to create a Roman Republic → failed! The “soul” of Italian unification

A. Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia – Largest and strongest Italian kingdom. B. Led by King Victor Emmanuel II C. Prime Minister Camillo di Cavour: Known to be “cunning” (sly, tricky, very smart). The “brain” of Italian unification. D. Strategy: To conquer Venetia and Lombardy from Austria Victor EmmanuelCavour

 “…Therefore, if we so ardently desire the emancipation [unification] of Italy—if we declare that in the face of this great question all the petty questions that divide us must be silenced—it is not only that we may see our country glorious and powerful but that above all we may elevate her in intelligence and moral development up to the plane of the most civilized nations…” Camillo di Cavour (1846) According to Cavour, what would be one positive result of Italian unification?

E. France agrees to help Piedmont-Sardinia fight Austria. F. Piedmont-Sardinia wins, takes over Lombardy (1858)! G. Other states in the North now want to join Piedmont- Sardinia. Why? H. Result - A unified northern Italian kingdom!

A. Giuseppe Garibaldi – Wants to free Sicily from Spain. Led a nationalist army known as the “Red Shirts.” B. Eventually took control of Southern Italy and headed North. C. Garibaldi is the “sword” of Italian unification.

 “Italians!...It is the duty of every Italian to succor [the Sicilian rebels] with words, money, and arms, and above all, in person… The misfortunes of Italy arise from the indifference of one province to the fate of others. The redemption of Italy began from the moment that men of the same land ran to help their distressed brothers… A band of those who fought with me the country’s battles marches with me to the fight. Good and generous, they will fight for their country to the last drop of their blood, nor ask for other reward than a clear conscience…. To arms! Let me put an end, once and for all, to the miseries of so many centuries. Prove to the world that it is no lie that Roman generations inhabited this land.” Giuseppe Garibaldi 1860 According to Garibaldi, what is the duty of every Italian? How does his speech demonstrate nationalism.

A. Cavour arranges a meeting between Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi in Naples. B. Garibaldi steps aside in favor of Victor Emmanuel becoming the new king of a unified Italy!

 Whose contributions were most significant in making Italian unification a reality: ◦ Mazzini (“the soul”) ◦ Cavour (“the brain”) ◦ Garibaldi (“the sword”)