1 Abraham Lincoln 22failed in business 23defeated for Legislature 24 failed in business again 25elected to Legislature 26 sweetheart died 27had nervous breakdown 29 defeated for Speaker 31 defeated for Elector 34defeated for Congress 37elected to Congress 39defeated for Congress 46defeated for Senate 47defeated for Vice-President 49defeated for Senate 51elected President of the United States

Communication pitfalls Channels, electronic media Downward, upward, and horizontal communication The grapevine Communicating old Ch. 12, new Ch. 13

Interpersonal Communication Pitfalls Perception Distortion in the process of receiving and interpreting information Filtering Withholding, ignoring, or distorting information Examples?

Various Channels of Communication Oral communication Face-to-face, telephone, formal presentations Written communication , memos, letters, reports, computer files, other written documents Each has advantages and disadvantages

Electronic Media Advantages Flexible and efficient Cheap and fast Ability to work virtually Availability of “richer” media for complex or critical messages Disadvantages Difficulty in solving some complex problems Less suitable for confidential information, conflict management, and negotiating Electronic overload

Organizational Communication Downward communication Direction, motivation, coaching, open-book management (info) Upward communication Extremely valuable to management, reinforce, don’t punish Horizontal communication Collaboration, coordination Peer interaction—emotional/social support Informal communication The grapevine—very important, but can distort Boundary-less organizations Free flow of information

What we just did Chapter 12: Communication Communication pitfalls Channels, electronic media Downward, upward, and horizontal communication The grapevine