multiple choice, completion, and true false Unit Review Pg 292 Answer: multiple choice, completion, and true false

Anoplogaster Pg. 263

Unit 9 OCEANS

How much of the Earth is water? 97% of Earth's water is found in oceans

3 Major Oceans Atlantic Indian Pacific Arctic Antarctic

Pacific Ocean Largest ocean Average depth: 3940 meters

Atlantic Ocean Second Largest ocean Ave. Depth: 3350 meters Indian Ocean Smallest yet deeper than the Atlantic

Scientist who studies the ocean What is an ? Oceanographer Scientist who studies the ocean 85 of the 92 Natural elements have been found in ocean water

Properties of Ocean Water Mixture of: Pure water 96.5% Dissolved elements 3.5%

Dissolved Elements? 3% Sodium and Chlorine Sodium Chloride = Salt Measured by salinity Amount of salt dissolved in water

Where does all the salt come from? Volcanic activity Erosion Rivers and glaciers Wave action

Salinity Lab Will the egg sink or float?

Salinity Lab

Salinity Lab Red Book Page 439

Salinity Lab

What Gases are found in the Ocean? Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Most abundant near the surface Why?

Why are dissolved gases abundant near the surface? More sunlight = more plant growth More mixture with the air Also affected by temperature

Where is the water the warmest? Temperature 3 Zones in the Ocean Where is the water the warmest? Coldest?

Surface Zone Warmest Zone Water is mixed by waves and currents Surface to 100 meters

Thermocline Temperature falls rapidly Depth depends on the season

Deep Zone Area of very cold water 4000 meters or more ~ 4 degrees Celcius

Topography of the Ocean Higher Mountains Deeper Canyons Larger Plains More Volcanoes More Earthquakes

Atlantic Ocean Profile

Pacific Ocean Profile

Read & take notes... Pg. 270 -272 Continental Margin Continental Shelf Continental Rise Continental Slope Turbidity Currents Submarine Canyons Pg. 270 -272

Continental Margin Continent meets ocean floor underwater Not the same as the shoreline

Continental Margin

Continental Shelf Flat part of continental margin covered by water

Continental Shelf Here the water is removed from an offshore region to expose the seafloor near San Francisco.

Edge of continental shelf that plunges steeply 4 to 5 kilometers Continental Slope Edge of continental shelf that plunges steeply 4 to 5 kilometers

Continental Rise Separates the continental slope from the ocean floor

V - Shaped valleys that cut through the continental slope and rise Turbidity Currents Underwater avalanches Submarine Canyons V - Shaped valleys that cut through the continental slope and rise

Submarine Canyons

Continental Margin

Features of the Ocean Floor Abyssal Plains Seamounts Guyots Trenches Midocean Ridges Coral Reefs Fringing Reefs Barrier Reefs Atoll Pg. 272 - 276

Features of the Ocean Floor Pg. 272 - 276

Large flat areas on the ocean floor Abyssal Plains Large flat areas on the ocean floor

Seamounts Underwater volcanic mountains Can be over 1000 meters tall

Guyots Flat topped seamounts Formed as a result of wave erosion

Trenches Long narrow cracks that can be more than 11,000 meters deep Deepest part of the oceans

Midocean Ridges Mountain ranges formed under the ocean Largest mountains in the world

Coral Reefs Large masses of limestone rocks containing the shells of animals Found only in tropical waters

Coral reefs that touch the shoreline of a volcanic island Fringing Reefs Coral reefs that touch the shoreline of a volcanic island

Barrier Reef A reef separated from the shore by an area of shallow water called a lagoon Tahiti!

A ring of coral reefs found far out in the ocean Atoll A ring of coral reefs found far out in the ocean

Atoll

Continental Margin Quiz

Oceans Quiz 5. In what zone of the ocean does the anoplogaster live? 6. What conditions did it have to adapt to in order to survive? 7. Draw and label a diagram of the continental margin, slope, and rise. 8. Explain how the ocean floor is different from the continents.

Review 1. How are seamounts and guyots related? 2. What are the three types of coral reefs 3.Where are the largest mountains on Earth found? 4. Where is the deepest spot on Earth?

Ocean-Life Zones Ocean life is affected by many factors. Where do most plants and animals live and why?

Ocean-Life Zones Sunlight Temperature Pressure

3 Major groups of plants and animals Pg. 277-278 3 Major groups of plants and animals Classified by habits and depth of the ocean where they live Plankton Nekton Benthos

Small organisms that float on or near the surface Plankton Small organisms that float on or near the surface

Nekton Forms of life that swim

Organisms that live on the ocean floor Benthos Organisms that live on the ocean floor

Between the low and high tide lines Most difficult to live in Plant and Animal Zones Pg. 278-281 Intertidal Zone Between the low and high tide lines Most difficult to live in Organisms must be able to live without water

Neritic Zone Low tide line to the end of the continental shelf Sunlight Low pressure Constant temperature

Open Ocean (2 Zones) Bathyal Zone Abyssal Zone From the top of the continental slope to about 2000 meters Abyssal Zone No sunlight High Pressure Cold

Mapping the Ocean Floor 1872 Challenger 3 1/2 years to map ocean Used piano wire

Mapping the Ocean Floor Echo Sounding Seismograph surveys Radar Sonar

Atlantic Ocean Profile

Pacific Ocean Profile

Motions of the Ocean Waves Up and down Currents Steady Tides Rise and fall

Pulses of energy that move through the ocean Waves Pulses of energy that move through the ocean Read pages 282 - 283 Out loud Which ocean would you expect the larger waves to occur?

Wave Characteristics Crest Highest point on a wave Trough Lowest point on a wave

Wavelength Distance between 2 troughs or 2 crests

Swells Long, wide waves that are not very high Found in the middle of the ocean As they get closer to shore their height increases

Tsunamis Largest ocean wave Caused by earthquakes Carry huge amounts of energy 35 meters or more

Tsunami 2004

Currents Surface Currents Deep Currents Caused by wind patterns Caused by difference in water density

Surface Currents Longshore currents Gulf Stream Warm water from Florida along the coast Longshore currents Move parallel to the shoreline Carry sand

Deep Currents Upwelling Cold, salty water is the most dense Moves downward under less dense warm water Upwelling The rising of deep cold currents to the ocean surface

These two photos were taken of the same dock – not at two different times of the year, but at two different times of the day. Look at the photos carefully. What happened here? Where do you think the water in the first picture went? Many organisms live in the sea water. What do you think happens to these organisms when the water drains away?

Tides Gravitational pull from moon causes high tides 2 high tides and 2 low tides a day due to bulging of the ocean

Spring Tides Higher high tides due to a full/new-moon The sun and moon are lined up

Neap Tides Lower high tides due to a first/last-quarter phase Sun and moon are at right angles

Prevents upwelling off the western coast of South America Red book Pg. 451-452 El Nino Every 2 - 7 years Warm water moves east Prevents upwelling off the western coast of South America

El Nino Unusual wind patterns 1997 - 1998 warm winter Heavy rains in California