HCDE-LPI Workshop on Sedimentary Processes Good Morning!!

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Presentation transcript:

HCDE-LPI Workshop on Sedimentary Processes Good Morning!!

Weathering… Let’s break it down…

Weathering Chemical and physical alteration of rock and minerals when exposed to air, moisture, and organic matter –Chemical weathering - minerals in a rock are chemically altered or dissolved –Physical weathering - solid rock fragmented by mechanical breaking University of Georgia Examples?

What Controls the Rate of Weathering? Parent Material (minerals and structure) Climate (rainfall and temperature) Biology Slope Presence / Absence of Soil Exposure Time

Chemical Weathering Chemical weathering - minerals in a rock are chemically altered or dissolved Minerals weather at different rates because of differences in chemical stability; the resistance of a mineral to change

Which Minerals are More Stable? Less?

Our Hero Bowen & His Reaction Series Skinner and Porter, 1992

Physical Weathering Physical weathering - solid rock fragmented by mechanical breaking Factors affecting: –Slope –Zones of weakness - joints –Organisms - flora (and fauna) –Freeze/thaw (frost wedging) –Crystal growth –Heat / Cold

Slope Things move downhill …. Why? Gravity aids in the breakdown and transport of material Slope starts it all!

Mass Movements (Mass Wasting) Mass movement is the down slope movement of earth materials under the influence of gravity

Rock Mass Movements Fall - fast; rocks break and fall

Rock Mass Movements Slide - (land slide) moderate; rocks slide as a unit Source: USGS

Unconsolidated Mass Movements Creep - very slow flow downhill; top moves faster than base Source: North Dakota State University

Unconsolidated Mass Movement Slump - moderate; slide of material as a unit along a lower surface (spoon-shaped)

Why Do We Care? Human Impacts of mass wasting … Year LocationTypeFatalities 1916It/AustLandslide10, ChinaEarthquake triggered landslide200, JapanFlood triggered landslide1, USSREarthquake triggered landslide12-20, AustriaLandslide PeruLandslide4,000-5, ItalyLandslide2, PeruEarthquake related debris avalanche70, ColumbMudflow related to volcanic eruption23, EcuadorEarthquake related landslide1,000 In a typical year in the United States, landslides cause over $1.5 billion in damages and 25 to 50 deaths

Joints

Chemical Weathering Along Joints ….. Where the Water Goes ….. Spheroidal Surfaces

Roots and Critters

Crystal Growth

Frost Wedging

In what environments will chemical weathering be greatest? Physical?