Second Week 7 th grade Light at the end of the tunnel Almost done with 7 th !

Populations Populations interact by competing for basic resources, mates, and territory Populations cooperate with each other to meet needs Populations have social order to ensure that labor and resources are shared.

The establishment of a social order in a population may insure that labor and resources are adequately shared.

The establishment of a territory ensures that members of a population have adequate habitat to provide for basic resources.

Independent behavior and group behavior can influence a population.

In a community, populations interact with other populations by exhibiting a variety of behaviors that aid in the survival of the population. Organisms or populations rely on each other for basic needs form interdependent communities.

Producers (autotrophs) are organisms that make their own food. Heterotroph’s are consumers, an organism that must obtain their food from eating other organism. Decomposers are organisms that break down other organisms. (bacteria, fungi) Energy resources of a community are shared through the interactions of producers, consumers, and decomposers.

A predator-prey relationship is an interaction between a consumer that hunts for another consumer for food

Symbiotic relationships include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism Mutualism occurs when both organisms benefit Commensalism occurs when one organism benefits and the other is unaffected. Parasitism occurs when one organism benefits and the other is harmed

Every organism fills a specific niche, or role in its community

Ecosystems The living organisms within a specific area and their physical environment define an ecosystem. The major terrestrial ecosystems are classified into units called biomes — large regions characterized by certain conditions, including a range of climate and ecological communities adapted to those conditions.

Organisms have specific structures, functions, and behaviors that enable them to survive the conditions of the particular ecosystem in which they live.

Organisms adapt to abiotic and biotic factors in their home

Biomes are made up of ecosystems Each major biome includes climate range, and how well organisms have adapted. Organisms have specific structures, functions, and behaviors that enable them to survive the conditions of a particular biome

Biomes Rainforest, deserts, temperate deciduous forests, grasslands, chaparral, temperate rain forest, taiga, and tundra

Tiaga Located in the upper latitudes under tundra Cold winters and warm summers Home to conifers

Rainforest The ecosystem of the rainforest is based on the most complex interdependence of plants and animals. Tropical rainforests help maintain global rain and weather patterns. Endangered because man is cutting them down at a record pace.

Deserts Very dry Very hot during the day and cold at night Plant and animal life has adapted to the harsh conditions

Temperate Deciduous Forest This region has four season Trees loose their leaves in the fall

Grasslands They are big open area with very few bushes and trees along water Rich fertile soil

Tundra Located at the top of the world Very short summers Permafrost located about 1 meter down

LS.10 Organisms may exist as members of a population; populations interact with other populations in a community; and communities together with the physical environment form ecosystems.

Changes that affect organisms over time may be daily, seasonal, or long-term.

Responses Plants respond to light by growing toward it or away from it (phototropism). Animals respond to cold conditions with a period of lowered metabolism (hibernation). Organisms may respond to adverse conditions with a period of lower or suspended metabolism (dormancy).

LS.11 Humans and Ecosystems Ecosystems are dynamic systems. Humans are a natural part of the ecosystem. Humans use the ecosystem to meet their basic needs, such as to obtain food. Human interaction can directly alter habitat size, the quality of available resources in a habitat, and the structure of habitat components. Such interactions can be positive and/or negative. Human input can disturb the balance of populations that occur in a stable ecosystem. These disturbances may lead to a decrease or increase in a population. Since populations in an ecosystem are interdependent, these disturbances have a ripple effect throughout the ecosystem. The interaction of humans with the dynamic ecosystem may lead to issues of concern for continued ecosystem health in areas such as water supply, air quality, energy production, and waste management.

DNA DNA is a double helix molecule. DNA is a molecule that includes four different components. The arrangement of these four components within the double helix forms a chemical code

Chromosomes are strands of DNA.

Genes are sections of a chromosome that carry the code for a particular trait

Every person has dominant and recessive genes that determine the characteristics of their off spring Punnett Square

Genotype are the internal inheritable code of traits Phenotype is the observable traits

Inherited Traits Inherited traits... Rolling of the tongue Which arm you place on top when you cross your arms Attached earlobes Widow's Peak (hairline comes to a downward point in the middle)

Non-inherited Traits Non-inherited traits... Table manners Politeness Attitude

The basic laws of Mendelian genetics can explain the transmission of some traits that can be inherited from generation to generation Figure 2 : Two traits (black/white and short/long hair, with black and short dominant) show a 9:3:3:1 ratio in the F2 generation. (S=short, s=long, B=black, b=white hair) (1) Parental generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2 generation. Results : 9x short black hair, 3x long black hair, 3x short white hair, 1x long white hair.

Genetic engineering manipulates the genetic code to obtain a desired product Genetic engineering has numerous practical applications in medicine, agriculture, and biology

The mechanisms through which evolution takes place are a related set of processes that include mutation, adaptation, natural selection, and extinction

Mutations are inheritable changes because a mutation is a change in the DNA code

Adaptations are structures, functions, or behaviors that enable a species to survive. Adaptations are expressions of the organisms’ genetic information

A mutation may result in a favorable change of adaptation in genetic information that improves a species’ ability to exist in its environment of a mutation may result in an unfavorable change that does not improve or impedes a species’ ability to exist in its environment

The evidence for evolution is drawn from data including the fossil record, radiometric dating, genetic information, the distribution of organisms, and anatomical and developmental similarities across species

Natural selection is the survival and reproduction of the individuals in a population that exhibit the traits that best enable them to survive in their environment

If a species does not include traits that enable them to survive in its environment, or to survive changes in the environment, then the species may become extinct

Each environment has a population that is biodiversified

WWWOOOWWW!!!!!! Now you are as smart as a 7 th grader.