SEGREGATION in the United States

Baltimore, MD Bethlehem-Fairfield shipyards. May 1943 Arthur Siegal, photographer “White drinking fountain.”

Durham, NC May 1940 Jack Delano, photographer White ladies room at the bus station

Durham, NC May 1940 Jack Delano, photographer

“On the way from Louisville, KY to Nashville, TN” September 1943 Esther Bubley, photographer “A rest stop for Greyhound bus passengers with separate accommodations for colored passengers.”

Rome, GA September 1943 Esther Bubley, photographer “Colored Waiting Room at a Greyhound Bus Station.”

Durham, NC May 1940 Jack Delano, photographer Separate doors for white and colored.

Belle Glade (vicinity), FL January 1939 Marion Post Wolcott, photographer “White & Colored Served.”

Halifax, NC April 1938 John Vachon, photographer “A colored drinking fountain on the county courthouse lawn.”

Leland, Mississippi November 1939 Marion Post Wolcott, photographer “The Rex theater for Negro People.”

Sisseton, SD September 1939 John Vachon, photographer “No Beer Sold to Indians.”

Birney, Montana August 1941 Marion Post Wolcott, photographer “Positively no beer sold to Indians.”

Segregation sought to separate and prevent the races from intermarrying (C. Van Woodward 12). Segregation sought to maintain the “doctrine of white superiority and negro inferiority” (C. Van Woodward 22).

Some effects of 200 years of segregation:

Interracial Married Couples from 1960-Present In 1998 55,305 couples were married. Of that only 1,348 were marriages between blacks and whites. In 1991 53,227 couples were married. Of that only 994 were marriages between blacks and whites. In 1983 50,665 couples were married. Of that only 719 were between blacks and whites.

In 1981 49,896 couples were married In 1981 49,896 couples were married. Of that only 639 were between blacks and whites. In 1970 44,598 couples were married, and 310 of those marriages were between blacks and whites. In 1960 40,491 couples were married, and 149 of those marriages were between blacks and whites.

Race and Education

United States Totals In 1997, 35.8% of 19,072 of blacks 25 years and older had graduated from High School. About 6,828 of 19,072 This same year 25.8% of 19,072 blacks had attended some college, or had received an associate degree. About 4,921 of 19,072 In 1997, 13.3% of 19,072 blacks 25 years and older had received a Bachelor’s degree or more. About 2,537 of 19,072

In 1997, 34.8% of 29,299 whites 25 years and older had graduated from High School. About 10,196 of 29,299 (relatively equal to blacks percentage-wise) This same year 25.2% of 29,299 whites 25 and older had gone to some college, or had received an associate degree. About 7,383 of 29,299 (relatively equal to blacks percentage-wise) In 1997, 26.2% of 29,299 whites 25 years and older had received a Bachelor’s degree or more. About 7,676 of 29,299 (twice as many degrees awarded to whites)

Violence against American Citizens A Time Line of African-American History; 1901-1925

1901-1905 1901: 105 blacks known to have been lynched. Last Black Congressman for 28 years. 1902: 85 blacks lynched 1903: 84 blacks lynched 1904: 76 blacks lynched 1905: 57 blacks lynched The Niagara Movement Total deaths: 407

1906-1910 1906: 62 blacks lynched 1908: 89 blacks lynched 10 blacks and 2 whites killed in a race riot in Atlanta, GA 1908: 89 blacks lynched Springfield, IL race riot kills many and wounds more 1909: 69 blacks lynched 1910: 67 blacks lynched Total deaths to date: 706

1911-1915 1911: 60 blacks lynched 1912: 61 blacks lynched National Urban League begins 1912: 61 blacks lynched Woodrow Wilson president 1913: 51 blacks lynched Wilson begins federal segregation 1914: 51 blacks lynched WWI begins in Europe 1915: 56 blacks lynched Booker T. Washington dies Total deaths to date: 985

1916-1917 1916: 50 blacks lynched 1917: 36 blacks lynched America enters WWI with 370,000 blacks in military service Race riot in East St.Louis, IL where 40-200 people were killed A race riot in Houston kills 2 blacks and 11 whites. 18 black soldiers were hanged for participating in the riot. Supreme Court rules against a Louisville, KY ordinance mandating segregated neighborhoods

1918-1920 1918: 60 blacks lynched 1919: 76 blacks lynched Race riot in Chester, PA kills 3 blacks and 2 whites Race riot in Philadelphia, PA kills 3 blacks and 1 white WWI ends 1919: 76 blacks lynched 26 race riots occur between April and October 1920: 53 blacks lynched Harding elected president Harlem Renaissance begins. Total deaths to date: 1,386

1921-1925 1921: 59 blacks lynched 1922: 51 blacks lynched Race riot in Tulsa, OK kills 21 whites and 60 blacks 1922: 51 blacks lynched Federal anti-lynching bill killed by a filibuster in the U.S. Senate. 1923: 29 blacks lynched Harding dies, Coolidge succeeds him 1924: 16 blacks lynched 1925: 17 blacks lynched Malcolm X born. Total deaths due to racial violence from 1901-1925: 1,639

Resources Used U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Interracial Married Couples: 1960 to Present.” Jan. 7, 1999. Located at http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/ms-la/tabms-3.txt Library of Congress. “Time Line of African American History, 1901-1925. Located at http://lcweb2.oc.gov/ammem/aap/timelin3/html U.S. Bureau of the Census. “Educational Attainment of Persons 25 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Region, and Race: March 1997.” July 30, 1998. Located at http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/race/black/tabs97/tab07.txt Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford UP, 1974.