Nov. 13, 2015  FR Test  Latin America Vocab and Reading  Latin America Notes  Latin America Quiz Thursday, Nov. 19  HW: Study Vocabulary and Notes. Complete Country search– Due Monday, Nov. 23 *** Students will be able to describe Independence movement in Latin America and the people involved.

Latin American Revolutions Toussaint L’Ouverture; Simon Bolivar; and Fr. Miguel Hidalgo

Revolution in Haiti  Saint Domingue (Haiti) was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule  500,000 African slaves were the majority of the population  White masters were severely outnumbered and used drastic tactics to keep them powerless  August 1791: an African priest called Boukman called for revolution  100,000 rose in revolt a few days later led by Toussaint L’Ouverture (ex-slave)

Toussaint L’Ouverture  No military or diplomacy training  Quickly became a skilled general and diplomat  Moved into Spanish Santo Domingo, took control and freed the slaves there  January 1802: French landed on Haiti to stop him  Toussaint agreed to stop the revolution if they ended slavery on the island  French agreed  Arrested Toussaint a few months later for planning another uprising  Sent to a jail in the French Alps and died 10 months later

Revolution in Haiti Continues  Toussaint’s general (Dessalines) continues the fight  January 1, 1804: Dessalines declared the colony an independent country  1 st black colony to free itself from European control  Called it Haiti “mountainous land”

Revolution continues in Latin America

Latin American Colonial System  Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain – Only ones who could hold office  Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America – could be officers in the colonial army but could not hold high offices (least oppressed & best educated)  Mestizos: people born of European and Native American ancestry  Mulattos: people born of European and African ancestry  African slaves  Native Americas

The Spanish in Latin America Viceroy / Viceroyalti es After conquering the Native Americans… o The Conquistadors set up governments to rule the New World o Spanish divided their lands into VICEROYALTIES o Mimicked the style used by the Spanish Monarchy o Used practices from the Reconquista & Spanish Inquisition

Influences on the Revolutions  Enlightenment ideas were suppressed – punishment was harsh (exile) if you were caught trying to spread Enlightenment ideas  Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts  Many felt loyalty to the Spanish king, but not Napoleon’s brother  1810: rebellions broke out across Latin America  1814: King Ferdinand returned to Spain, but the momentum of the revolution had already started

Simon Bolivar & S. A. Independence  Simon Bolivar was a wealthy Venezuelan Creole (“Libertador”)  Venezuela declared independence in 1811  Volunteer army had numerous defeats; been exiled 2x  August 1819 won a decisive battle at Bogota  By 1821, achieved indepedence  Marched to Ecuador and joined with San Martin  Jose de San Martin also helped liberate S. A. (modest Argentinian, brave in battle)

Bolivar and San Martin  Argentina declared independence in 1816, forces in Peru and Chile still posed a threat  1817: San Martin freed Chile  1821 Took army to Peru, then met Bolivar in Ecuador  Bolivar took control of army and San Martin went to Europe and died shortly after in France  Bolivar defeated Spanish in Peru at Battle of Ayacucho 1824 (last battle for independence from Spain in S. America)

Mexico Ends Spanish Rule  1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo took steps towards independence (poor BUT well-educated on Enlightenment)  Sept. 16, 1810: rang bells of village church and called for rebellion against the Spanish (grito de Dolores)  The next day Indian and mestizo followers marched towards Mexico City (60,000 men)

Mexico  Spanish army and Creoles joined against the army  Hidalgo was defeated 1811  Fr. Morelos led the revolution for 4 years, but was also defeated by Iturbide  1820 a revolution in Spain put liberals in power – Creoles feared for their positions and united for ind

Mexican Independence  Iturbide proclaimed independence by 1821 but refused to recognize Central American independence  1823 Iturbide (who had declared himself emperor) was overthrown  Central America officially broke from Mexico and became the United Provinces of Central America

The Long-Term Effects  Increased poverty  Disrupted trade, devastated cities  Bolivar’s Gran Colombia split into Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela by early 1830  By 1841, the United Provinces of Central America split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras  Monroe Doctrine: policy by the US that Europe can no longer interfere in affairs in the western hemisphere

Monroe Doctrine “When…interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers....”

Miscellaneous Facts  Instead of searching for gold, Europeans are now searching for silver. G,S,G  A Hacienda was a Spanish plantation that used slave/native labor  Creoles led the Revolutions in Latin America  Brazil had a bloodless revolution

 Roman Catholicism spread throughout Latin America  Over 90% of the population in Latin America is Catholic  Christ the Redeemer Statue in Brazil