SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism The Reign of Louis XIV Central European Monarchs Clash Absolute Rulers of Russia SECTION 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy French King Louis XIV with plans for Versailles.

Peter the Great makes many changes in Russia to try to make it more like Western Europe.

 Ivan III (1462 – 1505)  Conquered territory around Moscow  Frees Russia from the Mongols  His son, Vasily continues expansion and passes power to Ivan IV  Ivan the Terrible (r – 1584)  In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king (czar) of Russia  Struggles for power with boyars — landowning nobles  Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning “caesar”  The Kremlin is the fortified fortress capital of the Russian president

 Rule by Terror  Chooses bride Anastasia at the Kremlin out of 1,000 potential brides  She dies from a lingering illness in 1560  Rise of the Romanovs  Ivan kills oldest son – his 2 nd son is weak, his death leads to turmoil  Turmoil and conflict is called Time of Troubles; rulers fight for control  In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar (Anastasia’s grandnephew)  The death of his wife Anastasia affects him terribly, blames boyars  In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them by the thousands, seizes lands THE KREMLIN!

 The Rise of Peter  Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia  Russia Contrasts with Europe  Land of boyars and serfs  Cut off geographically from Europe, no warm seaport  Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe  Religious differences widen gap (eastern orthodox)  Peter Visits the West  In 1697, Peter visits western Europe to learn European ways

 Peter’s Goal  Goal of westernization — using western Europe as model for change  Peter’s Reforms  Brings Orthodox Church under state control  Reduces power of landowners  Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers  Westernizing Russia  Introduces potatoes  Starts Russia’s first newspaper  Raises women’s status  Adopts Western fashion  Advances education (navigation, arts, sciences)  Encourages study abroad

 Peter wants a warm seaport that will make travel to West easier  Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea  In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg  Building city takes many years; many serfs die in process  The city becomes a busy commercial seaport  Russia is a now power to be reckoned with in Europe