Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103

Cells were discovered in 1665 by a British scientist named Robert Hooke. He was able to observe the cell with the use of the microscope. Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103

Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions. Cells are the basic unit of life All organisms are made up of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103

Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103 The Cells The Tissues The Organ The System The Body Basic structural and functional unit of life Cells group together to form tissues Different tissues combine together to form an organ Different organs combine together to form a system Different systems combine together to form an animal or organism

Some cells are capable to live independent which called single celled or unicellular organisms like the protozoa. Classification of the cell 1- Prokaryotic cell: they are devoid of the true nucleus. 2- Eukaryotic cell: they have true nucleus (surround by nuclear membrane). Structure of the cell: the true cell consist of three parts 1- The Central part (nucleus). 2- The Peripheral part (cytoplasm). 3- The Cell membrane encases both of these parts. Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103

Contain nucleus and organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms, example: humans Usually larger than prokaryotic cells Plant Animal Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103

CELL DIVISION AmitosisMitosisMeiosis Amitosis  Direct cell division  It is simple division  It occurs in lower animals such as amoeba

Mitosis The term mitosis (mitos= threads, sis= process) It occurs in somatic cells of the body Mother cell gives two daughter cells each one contains diploid number of chromosomes (2n) This type of cell division : responsible for growth of the organism and repair of damaged tissues.

Mitosis can be divided into stages Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

 Chromosome become visible  Centriole divides in two halves  Nuclear membrane disappears  Each pair of centrioles move to one pole of dividing cell Prophase stage- mitosis cell division

Each chromosome divides in two chromatids The chromosomes are align at the equatorial (middle) plate of the cell Spindle fibres attaches the chromosomes at centromere Metaphase stage- mitosis cell division

 Halves of the chromosomes go to the opposite poles  Two paws of the chromosomes are formed Anaphase stage- mitosis cell division

 Two daughter nuclei are formed  Chromosomes in the nuclei disappeared  Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear  Daughter nuclei are identical and copy of their mother cell Telophase stage- mitosis cell division

Epithelial Tissue Type of Tissues Muscular Tissue Connective tissue Nervous Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Neuron Hyaline Cartilage Blood Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103 HISTOLOGY is the branch of Biology that studies the microscopic structure of the tissues, organs and systems under the microscope Simple Compound

Simple epithelialCompound Epithelial Single layer of cellsmore than one layer of cell

Fibrous connective tissue is characterized by an abundance of fibres with fewer cells. It is called fibrous or collagenous connective tissue because of the abundance of collagen (collagenous) fibres. Little intercellular substance is present.

Hyaline cartilage is covered externally by a fibrous membrane, called the perichondrium. The chondrocytes cells are round or oval in shape and are located in group of two or four in each cavity, Lacunae. It contains lots of empty spaces in between the cells. The matter that support the cells and cavities is thick and is called the matrix. Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103 The Connective Tissue Hyaline Cartilage

 Skeletal muscle is made up of individual components known as muscle fibers.  Each muscle fiber is formed of still finer fibers, myofibrils.  The identifying features of these muscles are haphazard distribution of nuclei among the muscle fibers.  The fibers are also transversely marked with lines or striations, dark and light bands.  Each muscle fiber is encased in a membrane, myolemma. Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103 The Muscular Tissue Striated Muscle Skeletal muscle

What is blood made up of? An adult human has about 4–6 liters of blood circulating in the body. Blood consists of several types of cells floating around in a fluid called plasma. The red blood cells (RBCs) contain haemoglobin, a protein that binds oxygen. RBCs transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from the tissues. The white blood cells fight infection. The platelets help the blood to clot, if you get a wound for example.

These are unit of Nervous Tissue and are specialized in function and shape. The neurons or the nerve cells are star shaped bodies with few microns in diameter. The sharp protrusions of these cells are named as dendrites and the number of such spine like extensions varies from 5 to 7. Centrally, the star shaped mass is loaded with a small nucleus and cytoplasm around the nucleus Lab Exercise # 2Zoo- 103 Nucleus Dendrites The Nervous Tissue Neurons