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Introduction to Management Management as an Art Management as a Science Comparison Conclusion Bibliography

What is Management ??? The word ’manage’ comes from the Italian word ‘maneggiare ’ (to handle — especially tools), which in turn derives from the Latin word ‘manus’ (hand). The French word ’mesnagement’ (later ménagement) also influenced the development in meaning of the English word ’management’ in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Management in all business areas and organizational activities are the acts of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials, and money.

According to Mary Parker Follet “Management is an Art of getting things done through people.“ (1868–1933)

According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909–2005) “Management is an multi purpose organ that manages business, manages managers, manages workers and manages work.”

 Mary Parker Follet, Harold Koontz and several others management authors called management “As an Art of getting things done through people.”  Art refers to creative skills and talent which people require to conduct certain activities effectively.  Art is an Inborn talent. However it can be refined through Learning and Practice.

1. Intelligence2. Initiative 3. Innovative

6. Result Oriented 4. Individual Approach 5. Application & Dedication

1. Intelligence Successful managers are Intelligent. Most importantly they need to have more intelligence then their subordinates so as to command respect and get the work done.

Managers like artist have to take the initiative of doing the right things right at the right time. Good managers also encourage initiative on the part of their subordinates.

3. Innovative Management like any other art needs to be innovative. A managerial decision taken by a manager cannot be easily copied o repeated by any another manger.

4. Individual Approach Every manger needs to adopt his individual approach or style of handling situations. This because of the effective individual approach adopted by mangers to handle situations.

5. Application & Dedication Good managers require not only skills & knowledge but there is also a need for discipline, dedication and commitment. It is often said that success is the outcome of ‘knowledge + intelligence + dedication’

6. Result Oriented Every good manager, like an artist, is always practical and action based. What matters is not just activities but accomplishment of results. Emphasis needs to be place on the results rather than on activities.

Science is a systematic body of knowledge which is universally accepted. ‘F.W.Taylor ‘ father of scientific management was perhaps the first person to consider management as a science. He was of the opinion that management should conduct their business affairs by following certain well established standards. Sciences can be broadly divided into two groups: a)Physical Sciences. b)Social Sciences.

Physical sciences like physics, chemistry and mathematics are exact and accurate, whereas social sciences are not exact and accurate as they deal with human beings. Management is a social science because it deals with human beings. Since human nature cannot be predicted with accuracy, the decisions taken in management may just be one way of doing things in a given situation and not the only way of doing things.

Managers must study the way that workers perform their tasks and understand the job knowledge (formal and informal) that workers have, and then find ways to improve how tasks are performed. Managers must codify new methods of performing tasks into written work rules and standard operating procedures. Frederick W. Taylor‘s Principles of Scientific Management

Managers should hire workers who have skills and abilities needed for the tasks to be completed, and should train them to perform the tasks according to the established procedures. Managers must establish a level of performance for the task that is acceptable and fair and should link it to a pay system that rewards workers who perform above the acceptable level.

For instance, if a manager has a problem with an employee's poor work performance, the manager will look to specific means of performance improvement, expecting that certain principles will work in most situations. practicing managers who believe in management as a science are likely to believe that there are ideal managerial practices for certain situations.

He or she may rely on concepts learned in business school or through a company training program when determining a course of action, perhaps paying less attention to political and social factors involved in the situation

AS AN ART  Based on Practice and creativity.  It is a theoretical body of knowledge.  Has Personalized Application. AS A SCIENCE  Based on Experimentation.  It is a systematized body of knowledge.  Has Universal Application.