River Valley Civilizations The discovery of farming during the Neolithic Revolution allowed nomadic people to settle into civilizations

The world’s first civilizations all began in river valleys The first civilization began in an area known as Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia means “land between the rivers” & is often called the “Fertile Crescent” or as the “Cradle of Civilization” The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded once per year, leaving behind fertile soil ideal for farming

The first civilization developed in the Fertile Crescent: Sumer But, surrounding deserts & the lack of natural barriers attracted outsiders to Mesopotamia made the Sumerians vulnerable to attack

Lasting Contributions Advanced cities: Sumerian city-states were protected by high walls At the city center was a temple called a ziggurat

Lasting Contributions Specialized Workers: At the top of society were priests, and then kings In the middle were skilled workers, like merchants At the bottom, were common farmers & slaves

Lasting Contributions Religion: Sumerians & Babylonians were polytheistic The Hebrews in Palestine were the 1st monotheistic faith in history (Judaism) The holy book of Judaism is the Torah; God gave Moses the Ten Commandments which serve as moral laws

Lasting Contributions Government: Babylonian King Hammurabi created the first legal code Hammurabi’s Code had 282 laws based on justice & retaliation (an eye for an eye) The code had different punishments for the various levels of society

Lasting Contributions

Lasting Contributions Writing: Sumerians made the world’s 1st writing called cuneiform (Wedged Shaped) Phoenicians simplified cuneiform to a 22 letter alphabet (Based on Sound) Phoenician merchants spread the alphabet throughout the Mediterranean world The alphabet influenced Greek, Latin, & English

Lasting Contributions Technology: Sumerians inventions include the wheel, sail, plow, & bronze metalwork

Egypt began along the Nile River in North Africa Egypt was bordered on both sides by desert which isolated & protected Egyptians from outsiders The Nile River’s annual floods were predictable & provided fertile soil for farming The Nile flooded so predictably that the Egyptians designed their calendar around it The Geography of Egypt From the highlands of East Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, the Nile River flows northward across Africa for over 4,100 miles, making it the longest river in the world. A thin ribbon of water in a parched desert land, the great river brings its water to Egypt from distant mountains, plateaus, and lakes in present-day Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia. Egypt’s settlements arose along the Nile on a narrow strip of land made fertile by the river. The change from fertile soil to desert—from the Black Land to the Red Land—was so abrupt that a person could stand with one foot in each. The Gift of the Nile As in Mesopotamia, yearly flooding brought the water and rich soil that allowed settlements to grow. Every year in July, rains and melting snow from the mountains of east Africa caused the Nile River to rise and spill over its banks. When the river receded in October, it left behind a rich deposit of fertile black mud called silt. Before the scorching sun could dry out the soil, the peasants would prepare their wheat and barley fields. All fall and winter they watered their crops from a network of irrigation ditches. In an otherwise parched land, the abundance brought by the Nile was so great that the Egyptians worshiped it as a god who gave life and seldom turned against them. As the ancient Greek historian Herodotus remarked in the fifth century B.C., Egypt was the “gift of the Nile.”

Lasting Contributions Advanced Cities: Cities developed along the Nile River in “Upper Egypt” & “Lower Egypt”

Lasting Contributions Specialized Workers: ?

Lasting Contributions Government : Pharaohs ruled Egypt as “king-gods” & were thought to control nature Egyptians constructed pyramids & elaborate tombs for the pharoahs

Lasting Contributions Religion: Egyptians were polytheistic & believed the gods controlled all aspects of life

Lasting Contributions Writing: Egyptian hieroglyphics was both pictograms & a phonetic alphabet Hieroglyphics were translated using the Rosetta Stone

Lasting Contributions Technology: Egyptian ideas included a 365-day calendar, geometry, astronomy, & pyramids

Persian Culture Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which viewed life as a struggle between good & evil Persians believed in heaven & hell as consequences for how they lived their lives Zoroastrianism influenced the views of the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam

Made Living: They traded several goods including glass and lumber. Lived: The Phoenicians established a trade empire, and colonies, throughout the Mediterranean. Made Living: They traded several goods including glass and lumber. . Murex snail

The Phoenicians spread their alphabet throughout the Mediterranean Phoenician Alaphabet The Phoenicians spread their alphabet throughout the Mediterranean Their alphabet consisted of 22 letters, it did not have vowels. Unlike many early alphabets which were made of pictograms, the Phoenician alphabet was phonic (based on sound). These sounds could be assembled to make words. The Greeks eventually adopted this alphabet, which influenced the Latin Alphabet which we use today.