Succeeding with Technology Chapter 2 Hardware Designed to Meet the Need The Digital Revolution Integrated Circuits and Processing Storage Input, Output, and Expansion Selecting and Purchasing a Computer Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer

Succeeding with Technology The Digital Revolution What’s all the fuss about digital?!

Succeeding with Technology The Bit (binary digit) Bits are the 1’s and 0’s that allow us to represent, store, and manipulate data They are the smallest unit of data in a digital electronics device Recall from chapter 1….

Succeeding with Technology Bits aren’t really 1’s and 0’s, they are devices that can be set to one of two states.  A bit can be a capacitor that is electronic charged or not charged.  A bit can be an area of metal particles on the surface of a disk that are either magnetically charged or not.  A bit can be a microscopic spot on a highly reflective disk surface that either has a pit burned into it or not. The Bit

Succeeding with Technology How can a bit (an on-off switch) represent useful data and information? Information can be assigned to the two states of the bit:  On =  Off = The Bit 1 and 0 are typically used to describe the state of a bit, but you could use anything; black/white, true/false, male/female, etc.

Succeeding with Technology Bytes can also represent “values” using the binary number system. The binary number system uses only two values, 0 and 1, and is used by computers and digital devices to represent and process data. Bit & Bytes DecimalBinary

Succeeding with Technology Bit & Bytes Click to run Binary Counter – position counter here.Binary Counter Binary is not only used for math but also to digitize pictures, and music. In fact, most things that we perceive with our senses can be described and stored digitally as values (binary numbers) and manipulated with numeric calculations. More on this in chapter 6. Also see

Succeeding with Technology The Value of Going Digital Anything that can be expressed through words, numbers, sounds, pictures, and even scents can be digitized. wordseven scents Digital information is easy to manipulate. Digital information is easy to copy and transfer. Digital information is long lasting. Digitization standardizes the format of all different types of data and information leading to…

Succeeding with Technology Digital Convergence Digital convergence is the trend to merge multiple digital services into one device.

Succeeding with Technology Why Study Computer Hardware Components? Consider PC Choices…

Succeeding with Technology Key Components Processor Memory Storage OS Video Removable Storage Networking Security

Succeeding with Technology 2.2 Integrated Circuits and Processing transistor Integrated circuit Central Processing Unit (CPU) Motherboard Arithmetic/logic unit Control unit Random Access Memory (RAM) The machine cycle Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz) Gigaflop Moore’s Law Key Terms

Succeeding with Technology Transistor A transistor is an electronics component, composed typically of silicon, that opens or closes a circuit to alter the flow of electricity to store and manipulate bits.

Succeeding with Technology Integrated Circuit An Integrated Circuit (chip) combines transistors and capacitors in a tiny module to store and process bits and bytes in today’s digital electronic devices.

Succeeding with Technology The Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is an integrated circuit (or microprocessor) that performs the processing in today’s personal computers and other digital devices. Intels Core Duo Processors use 65 nm technology to cram hundreds of millions of transistors on a chip the size of you thumb nail.

Succeeding with Technology Silicon Wafer

Succeeding with Technology Pentium 4 Die photo of the Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor built on 90nm technology

Succeeding with Technology Chicago, IL Satellite image of Chicago Which is more complex?

Succeeding with Technology CPU Components Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): contains the circuitry to carry out the instructions in the processors instruction set. Control Unit: sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data throughout the system. Registers: hold the data and instructions currently being processed (~300 bytes). System Clock: provides a steady clock signal used to synchronize activities within the processor. Measured in GHz (billions of cycles per second) Cache Memory: Fast access memory for instructions and data soon to be needed (1-2MB).

Succeeding with Technology The Motherboard The motherboard is the primary circuit boards of a computing device that houses the digital device’s circuitry including the microprocessor and memory.

Succeeding with Technology Processing The microprocessor accesses instructions stored in memory over the system bus. Random Access Memory (RAM) is temporary, or volatile, memory that stores bytes of data and program instructions for the processor to access.

Succeeding with Technology Southbridge Graphics Northbridge C h i p s e t CPU RAM FSB disk drives input expansion

Succeeding with Technology Processing – The Machine Cycle Central Processing Unit Control Unit ALU Registers Memory 1.Fetch 2.Decode3.Execute 4.Store The Machine Cycle The four stages of the machine cycle are (1) fetch the instruction from memory, (2) decode and (3) execute the instruction, then (4) store the results. A simulation: Little Man ComputerLittle Man Computer

Succeeding with Technology Contributors to CPU Speed Clock Speed – measured in Gigahertz (GHz), billions of cycles per second Wordlength – how many bits can be processed at a time (32 or 64) Cache size – 512 KB – 2 MB Front Side Bus Speed (FSB) – MHz Architecture

Succeeding with Technology Multi-core processors A multi-core microprocessor is one which combines two or more independent processors into a single package, often a single integrated circuit.  Dual core  Tri core (from AMD)  Quad core

Succeeding with Technology Which processor is best? Truest Measures of Performance  MIPS – millions of instructions per second  Gigaflops – billions of floating point operations per second. Note that different instructions take differing amounts of clock cycles.

Succeeding with Technology Multiple processors Multiprocessing is processing that occurs using more than one processing unit. Parallel processing speeds processing by linking several CPUs to operate at the same time, in parallel.

Succeeding with Technology PC Processor Options AMD, an alternative to Intel

Succeeding with Technology Moore’s Law the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will doubled every 2 years. Are we approaching the processing capability of a human?