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Purpose of the cardiovascular system: –Pump blood to the lungs to exhale carbon dioxide –Pump oxygenated blood from the lungs to the cells throughout the body. –Pump nutrients from the intestines to the cells. –Liver removes toxins, amino acids and returns needed proteins, which transport fats in the blood. 2

Arteries –Move blood from the heart to the body –Strongest type of vessel, highest pressure –Has 3 layers Endothelium (inside) Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue Outer layer is connective tissue Arterioles Small arteries Made mostly of smooth muscle that encircles arteriole Middle layer of elastic tissue 3

Capillaries –Only have –endothelium –(single layer –with basement –cells) In our bodies we have about 6300 square meters of capillaries Only certain capillaries open at a given time –When eating, capillaries in the digestive system open, while skeletal muscle capillaries are closed. Rings of muscles called precapillary sphincters control flow through capillaries. 4

When capillary bed is closed, blood moves from Arteriole to Venules through arteriovenous shunt. Venules are small veins that drain blood from capillaries and joins a vein to take blood to the heart and lungs to rid it of carbon dioxide. Veins often have valves allowing blood to flow in only one direction, preventing more blood loss if hemorrhaging (bleeding). 5

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries 6

Venules & Veins have three layers like arteries, but with less smooth muscle. 7

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9 Table 5.1

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11 Fig. 5.8a

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13 Fig. 5.10

14 Fig. 5.12

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16 Fig. 5.13

Lymph Assists the cardiovascular system by filtering excess tissue fluid. 17

18 Page 111 Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle

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23 Right pulmonary artery Left Right pulmonary veins Bicuspid

3D heart 24

Lizard heart and Crocodile heart (reptiles) 25

Fish heart 26

Heart surgery 27

Blood is made of Plasma and Formed Elements Plasma: fluid (water, proteins, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes) –Makes up 55% of blood volume Formed elements: –Erythrocytes (red blood cells) –Leukocytes (white blood cells) –Thrombocytes (platelets) 28

Blood video