Chapter 30 Review
Section 30.1 The circulatory system- body system that transports blood and nutrients Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries The respiratory system- body system where gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged. Consists of the lungs, nose, mouth, trachea (windpipe). Inhalation- oxygen goes into the body Exhalation- carbon dioxide leaves the body
Respiration and Circulation (30.1) Circulatory and respiratory systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Oxygen is inhaled from the air through the nose and mouth. Oxygen goes to the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen goes into capillaries, where it becomes part of the blood. Blood carries oxygen through the body.
Lungs (30.1 & 30.2) The lungs consist of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The alveoli are the air sacs where gas exchange takes place, inside the lungs. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli of the lungs (high concentration) to the capillaries of the circulatory system (low concentration). The diaphragm is the muscle below the lungs and rib cage that moves up and down when you breathe.
30.2 In the blood, oxygen is transported by red blood cells, which have the protein hemoglobin. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide. There are several diseases of the lungs: Emphysema- destroys alveoli Asthma- constricts airways Cystic Fibrosis- lungs produce to much mucus
Section 30.3 The heart is the main organ of the circulatory system. The heart pumps blood to the lungs and also through the whole body. This blood provides the cells of the body with oxygen and nutrients. The heart has four chambers: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle.
30.3 Blood collects in the two atria of the heart. Blood is pumped by the two ventricles of the heart. Path of blood flow in the heart: oxygen-poor blood (blue) enters the heart at the right atrium, then flows into the right ventricle, which pumps blood to the lungs, that blood become oxygenated, and enters the heart at the left atrium, then flows into the left ventricle, which pumps blood to the rest of the body.
30.3 The pumping of blood from the heart to the lungs is called pulmonary circulation. The pumping of blood from the heart to the rest of the body (e.g. feet, hands, legs, stomach, brain, etc.) is called systemic circulation.
Section 30.4 The blood vessels of the circulatory system are: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood towards the heart. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and have thin walls that allow for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
30.4 Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the wall of an artery. There are two types of blood pressure: Systolic blood pressure: blood pressure when ventricle contracts (i.e. when pumping blood) Diastolic blood pressure: blood pressure when ventricle relaxes (i.e. not pumping blood).
30.4 Permanently high blood pressure can result in a heart attack or stroke. Poor lifestyle choices can result in permanently high blood pressure. Smoking, lack of exercise, long-term stress, excessive weight, and diet low in fruits and vegetables are all poor choices that can damage the heart over time.
Section 30.5 Blood is composed of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. Plasma is mostly made of water. The cell fragments in blood are called platelets. Platelets help in blood clotting (control bleeding).
30.5 The cells that make up blood are red blood cells, which transports oxygen, and white blood cells, which protect against infection by fighting bacteria and viruses. Red blood cells have no nuclei, because they don’t need it. Red blood cells have the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen.
Section 30.6 The lymphatic system helps both the circulatory and immune systems. The lymphatic system carries fluid that leaked out of capillaries and returns that fluid back to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system also helps fight diseases. The tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes,and lymph vessels throughout the body make up the lymphatic system.