Week 6 Axial Age Religions.

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Presentation transcript:

Week 6 Axial Age Religions

Axial Age Ancient Israel Ancient Greece Zoroastrian Persia Imperial China Hindu India

Axial Age Offshoots Christianity Manichaeism Buddhism, Jainism & Sikhism Islam

Sometimes referred to as Revealed religions Monotheistic religions Textual religions But misnomers.

Pre Axial Age Gods and humans distinct but similar Divine and human world similar; close Morality: obligation to one’s group Religion=ethnic religion Or, state religion Leader is descendant of gods. Afterlife not clearly defined

Axial Age Intellectual elites Moral & Political order separate. Pre-axial age culture become peripheral General intolerance– official orthodoxy.

Transcendental vision There is a world history Curiosity about other people Morality general; applicable to all Possible to missionize.

Tension How to bridge gap between mundane and divine realms? Concept of salvation Escatology.

Zoroastrianism Probably among oldest living religions Today 11,000 Zoroastrians in Iran 200,000 Parsees Religion of Persian Empire <600 B.C.E; but probably older

Zoroastrianism Gathas= Hymns Written by Zoroaster Disparages earlier religion. Similar to Vedic religion Daevas Intar- god of war Asha- god of truth and justice Uruwana- sky god Mithra- god of cattle light.

Zoroaster Demons tried to kill him as infant Became a priest of traditional religion Three wives, six children

Zoroaster Vision of the angel Vohu Mana Preached 10 years One god, Ahura Mazda Zoroaster his prophet Preached 10 years Converted Bactrian King Vishtaspa Other Persian Speakers joined Died at hands of Turanian invaders

Zoroastrianism One god Ahura Mazda, creator Nature gods, Daevas, are false. Revealed through six “Modes” Amesha Spenta “holy immortals” Yazata “Adorable Ones” Like Angels

Zoroastrianism Two spirits emanate from Ahura Mazda Beneficent spirit Angra Manyu– Evil Spirit. Humans have free will Choose good or evil Responsible for their conduct.

Escatology Soul stays in body three days Then soul starts journey Mithra judges soul; balanced on scale May go to paradise Or Hell, a place of torture. At end of time, souls in Hell purified.

Values Morality and ethics Justice, Truthfulness and compassion. Elements are sacred Air Fire Earth Water.

Worship Sacred fire Offer sandalwood & keep it pure. Dead body polluting to elements Exposure in Dakhma Vultures carry it off Or, place it in lead lined casket.