Doney (2010) The Growing Human Footprint on Coastal and Open-Ocean Biogeochemistry Science 328, 1512
Fig. 1 Schematic of human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry either directly via fluxes of material into the ocean (colored arrows) or indirectly via climate change and altered ocean circulation (black arrows). Schematic of human impacts on ocean biogeochemistry either directly via fluxes of material into the ocean (colored arrows) or indirectly via climate change and altered ocean circulation (black arrows). The gray arrows denote the interconnections among ocean biogeochemical dynamics. Note that many ocean processes are affected by multiple stressors, and the synergistic effects of human perturbations is a key area for further research. S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Published by AAAS
ACC = Antarctic Circumpolar Current (55°S) Westerly winds (50°S) above the ACC push cold fresh surface waters away to the north and draw up warmer, saltier water that is low in O2 and high in nutrients and CO2. Wind and ACC not aligned. Stronger winds drive more upwelling. The bands of westerly winds separate the warm air in the tropics from the cold air over the poles. Winds driven by mid-atmosphere temperature gradients. With warming these winds are shifting poleward to be more aligned with the ACC. Stratospheric ozone influences the temperature gradient. Removing O3 causes cooling. Toggweiler and Russell (2008) Nature 451, 286
hwww.youtube.comttp:///watch?v=H2mZyCblxS4
Fig. 2 Time series of (top) atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pCO2 and (bottom) surface ocean pH at the atmospheric Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawai‘i and Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific north of Hawai‘i, 1988–2008. Time series of (top) atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pCO2 and (bottom) surface ocean pH at the atmospheric Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) on the island of Hawai‘i and Station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific north of Hawai‘i, 1988–2008. [Adapted from (26)] S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Published by AAAS
Ocean Acidification at BATS (Bermuda Atlantic Time Series)
Coastal Upwelling Feely et al (2008)
Fig. 3 Model estimated deposition fluxes of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (mol N m−2 year−1) to the ocean surface for oxidized forms (NOy), primarily from fossil fuel combustion sources, and reduced forms (NHx) primarily from agricultural sources. Model estimated deposition fluxes of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (mol N m−2 year−1) to the ocean surface for oxidized forms (NOy), primarily from fossil fuel combustion sources, and reduced forms (NHx) primarily from agricultural sources. [Adapted from (30)] Haber Process N2 + 3H2 2 NH3 At 200 atm and 300°C H2 from CH4 S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Published by AAAS
Changing Ocean Chemistry (and Biology) N* = N – RN:P x P Kim et al (2011) Science 334, 505-509
DT = 10 years DAOU DO2 Hypoxia O2 < 60 mmol kg-1 Fig. 4 Decadal change in subsurface O2 from 1994 to 2004 along 30°N in the North Pacific with positive values indicating an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and a decline in O2 (μmol kg−1); contour plot is overlaid by mixed-layer depths (green line) and potential density surfaces (pink) (48). Decadal change in subsurface O2 from 1994 to 2004 along 30°N in the North Pacific with positive values indicating an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and a decline in O2 (μmol kg−1); contour plot is overlaid by mixed-layer depths (green line) and potential density surfaces (pink) (48). The large AOU increase on the 26.6 potential density anomaly surface (purple line) is a combination of a decadal-time-scale ventilation cycle in the North Pacific and a smaller deoxygenation trend estimated to be about 5 μmol kg−1 decade−1) (48, 49). CLIVAR, Climate Variability and Predictability Program; WOCE, World Ocean Circulation Experiment. DT = 10 years DAOU DO2 S C Doney Science 2010;328:1512-1516 Hypoxia O2 < 60 mmol kg-1 < 5 mmol kg-1 Published by AAAS
Pb in the North Atlantic at Bermuda (coral and water data) From Kelly et al (2009) EPSL 283, 93