Ch4 – Features Features are partly acoustic partly articulatory aspects of sounds but they are used for phonology so sometimes they are created to distinguish one sound from others or to group sounds together based on how they behave in phonology! Used best to show natural classes being affected by a process.

Ch4 – Features Sonority hierarchy – sonorant is an acoustic feature (remember that non sonorants are called obstruents) less sonority Greater sonority Vowels Glides Liquids Nasals Obstruents [+syllabic] [–syllabic] [–consonantal] [+consonantal] [+approximant] [–approximant] [+sonorant] [-sonorant]

Ch4 – Features Major class features [ syllabic] - sounds that can act as syllables vowels, and syllabic consonants (not glides) The center of a syllable is the most sonorous element and as you progress towards the edges of the syllable from the nucleus, the sonority decreases (this explains many phonotactic constraints found in languages as to what sequence consonant clusters can occur in – though not 100%)

Ch4 – Features Major class features [ consonantal] - major obstruction in vocal tract obstruents, liquids, nasals (not h) (not glides) [ syllabic] - sounds that can act as syllables vowels, and syllabic consonants (not glides) [ sonorant] - singable sounds vowels, glides, liquids and nasals (even if voiceless) [ approximant] – liquids, glides and vowels

Ch4 – Features Manner features [ continuant] – sounds with free or nearly free airflow through oral cavity fricatives, liquids, glides and vowels (not stops (nasals included)) [ delayed release] [ DR] – the release of a stop is slowed to create a fricative affricates only (sometimes fricatives included) [ nasal] – sounds produced with a lowered velum (through nasal passage) nasal stops and nasalized vowels [ lateral] – sounds produced air flowing over sides of tongue only varieties of l are [+ lateral] Also [+trill] and [+tap]

Ch4 – Features Vowel features Front Central Back [–back] [+back]

Ch4 – Features You can download a feature spreadsheet at Bruce Hayes website here: http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/120a/index.htm#features Also can get practice writing rules using features at website above!

Place o’ articulation features Ch4 – Features Place o’ articulation features Different from other features – only certain features apply to the 3 places For some, these are neither + or – : they just are according to some (not our text) LABIAL – sounds made with at least one lip CORONAL – sounds made with tongue tip or blade raised (front of tongue) DORSAL – sounds made involving body of tongue

Place o’ articulation features Ch4 – Features Place o’ articulation features LABIAL [ round] – sounds produced by protruding the lips [+ round] is [w]; [– round] is [p, b, f, v] [ labiodental] – lower lip to upper teeth – he uses this feature to distinguish bilabial from labiodental fricatives (others use [strident] or [distributed] but Hayes argues that these features group the labiodentals into a natural class with other [+strident] or [-distributed] sounds which doesn’t have any support in phonology) [f, v] = [+labiodental]

Ch4 – Features [± distributed] – laminal (more of blade of tongue used for articulation) rather than apical (just the tongue tip). Distinguishes dentals and alveopalatals = [+distr] from alveolars = [-distr] [± lateral] – lateral or not

Place o’ articulation features Ch4 – Features Place o’ articulation features DORSAL (for vowels and some consonants) [ high] – tongue body raised higher than a central position [+high] = velars and palatals and high vowels; [–high] = uvulars and pharyngeals and non-high vowels [ low] – tongue body lowered lower than a central position low vowels are [+ low]; others are [– low]; [–low] = all consonants except pharyngeals [ back] – produced with tongue body behind palatal region [+ back] backed velars, uvulars and pharyngeals and back vowels are [+ back]; palatals and fronted/central velars and front vowels not [ front] – produced with tongue body in front of palatal region [+ front] [+front] = fronted velars and palatals; [–front] = other velars, uvulars and pharyngeals

Place o’ articulation features Ch4 – Features Place o’ articulation features DORSAL (for vowels and some consonants) [ tense] – tense vowels are [+ tense]; lax vowels are [– tense] [ reduced] – if the vowel is reduced, it is [+ reduced] (always for ) {this is not part of Hayes’ system but some use this} []

Ch4 – Features

Ch4 – Features Consonants (C) [+ high] LABIAL CORONAL DORSAL [+ round] [– round] [+ back] [– back] [– strident] [+ strident] [– anterior] [+ anterior]

Ch4 – Features Consonants (C) LABIAL [+labiodental] [–labiodental]

Ch4 – Features Consonants (C) CORONAL DORSAL [+ high] [– low] [+ front] [– back] [+ strident] [+ distributed] [– strident] [– anterior] [+ anterior]

Ch4 – Features DORSAL CORONAL [+front] [–front] [–high] [+back] Glottals are: [–labial] [–coronal] [–dorsal] [–low] [+low]

Place o’ articulation features Ch4 – Features Place o’ articulation features Secondary articulations Palatalization – add [+dorsal, +high, -low, +front, -back] Velarization – add [+dorsal, +high, -low, -front, +back] Pharyngealization - add [+dorsal, -high, +low, -front, +back] Labialization - add [+labial, +round]

Place o’ articulation features Ch4 – Features Place o’ articulation features Place as a group concept Possible when showing a rule to use just [placei] to indicate that the place of articulation and all of the features involved with that place are included. See p. 89

Ch4 – Features Laryngeal features [ voice] – vocal folds vibrating or not [ spread glottis] [ SG] – aspirated sounds, [h] and breathy vowels are [+ SG] [ constricted glottis] [ CG] – sounds made with a closed glottis are [+ CG] In English, only is [+ CG], but ejectives are too and preglottalized stops [ implosive] – implosive sounds are [+implosive] [?]

Ch4 – Features Zero features If a feature is not relevant for a sound (usually due to place of articulation), then we can use 0 instead of +/- for that feature which just means not relevant

Ch4 – Features Features and rules He discusses when to use features and when to use IPA symbols Basically, an IPA symbol is a substitute for feature matrix and best used when only one sound is involved like Indonesian velar nasal deletion p. 92 You should use features when the general process affects a natural class rather than an individual sound!!

Phonology Rule annotation: A  B / X __ Y A comes B in the environment between X and Y Rule annotation for deletion: A  Ø / X __ Y A is deleted in the environment between X and Y Rule annotation for epenthesis: Ø  A / X __ Y A is epenthesized (added) in the environment between X and Y

Phonology Practice / # ___ Convert this statement into a rule: Voiced oral stops become voiceless at the beginning of words. [b]  [p] / # __ –sonorant –continuant +voice -DR  [–voice] / # ___

Phonology Practice / Convert this rule into a statement: –sonorant +continuant –voice – consonantal +syllabic –consonantal +syllabic  [+voice] / ___

Phonology Practice / V __ V Convert this rule into a statement: C +continuant +del rel +voice -sonorant  [–voice] / V __ V Voiced fricatives become voiceless between vowels (intervocalically)

Phonology Practice / # __ Convert this rule into a statement: C +cont +del rel –voice  [+SG] / # __ Voiceless fricatives become aspirated word initially

Phonology Practice

Phonology Practice

Phonology Practice Write a rule for the Spanish data and assume this rule applies to all voiced stops -del rel +voice -sonorant – consonantal +syllabic –consonantal +syllabic  [+continuant] / ___

Phonology Practice Look at Spanish handout and think about it in terms of features

Phonology Practice Using just English consonant phonemes, use features to come up with natural classes.

Ch4 – Features

Ch4 – Features

Ch4 – Features Consider the following data from Mokilese Can you identify complementary distribution? If so, write a rule in feature to capture the overall process (not specific rules for specific sounds but for natural classes)

Ch4 – Features Consider the following data from Mokilese High vowels become voiceless between voiceless consonants +syllabic  [–voice] / - sonorant ___ +dorsal - voice +high