Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. Chapter Resources Click on one of the following icons to go to that resource. earth.msscience.com Image Bank Foldables Video Clips and Animations Chapter Summary Chapter Review Questions Standardized Test Practice

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Image Bank Bending and Breaking

Earthquake Epicenter Map Image Bank Earthquake Epicenter Map

Image Bank Normal Fault

Image Bank Reverse Fault

Image Bank Strike-Slip Fault

Image Bank Surface Waves

Image Bank Primary Wave Metaphor

Horizontal Motion Seismograph Image Bank Horizontal Motion Seismograph

Vertical Motion Seismograph Image Bank Vertical Motion Seismograph

Table – P-wave and S-wave Speed Image Bank Table – P-wave and S-wave Speed

Image Bank Epicenter

Internal Structure of Earth Image Bank Internal Structure of Earth

Earthquake Epicenter – Globe Image Bank Earthquake Epicenter – Globe

Table – Seismic Wave Speeds Image Bank Table – Seismic Wave Speeds

Image Bank Earthquake Damage

Table – Large Magnitude Earthquakes Image Bank Table – Large Magnitude Earthquakes

Image Bank Tsunami Beginning

Map – Risk of Earthquake Damage Image Bank Map – Risk of Earthquake Damage

Image Bank Gas Shut Off Valve

Image Bank Damaged Building

Seismograph Waves of an Earthquake Image Bank Seismograph Waves of an Earthquake

Earthquakes and Earth’s Crust Foldables Earthquakes and Earth’s Crust Make the following Foldable to help you understand the cause-and-effect relationship between earthquakes and movement in Earth’s crust.

Fold a sheet of paper in half lengthwise. Foldables Fold a sheet of paper in half lengthwise.

Foldables Fold paper down 2.5 cm from the top. (Hint: From the tip of your index finger to your middle knuckle is about 2.5 cm.)

Open and draw lines along the 2.5 cm fold. Label as shown. Foldables Open and draw lines along the 2.5 cm fold. Label as shown.

Foldables Read and Write As you read the chapter, write the causes and effects of earthquakes on your Foldable.

Video Clips Click image to view movie.

Reviewing Main Ideas 1 Forces Inside Earth Plate movements can cause rocks to bend and stretch. Rocks can break if the forces on them are beyond their elastic limit. Earthquakes are vibrations produced when rocks break along a fault. Normal faults form when rocks are under tension. Reverse faults form under compression and shearing forces produce strike-slip faults.

Features of Earthquakes Reviewing Main Ideas 2 Features of Earthquakes Primary waves stretch and compress rock particles. Secondary waves move particles at right angles to the direction of wave travel. Surface waves move rock particles in a backward, rolling motion and a side-to-side swaying motion.

Features of Earthquakes Reviewing Main Ideas 2 Features of Earthquakes Earthquake epicenters are located by recording seismic waves. The boundaries between Earth’s internal layers are determined by observing the speeds and paths of seismic waves.

People and Earthquakes Reviewing Main Ideas 3 People and Earthquakes A seismograph measures the magnitude of an earthquake. The magnitude of an earthquake is related to the energy released by the earthquake.

Question 1 Rocks break when the __________ limit is passed. A. elastic Chapter Review Question 1 Rocks break when the __________ limit is passed. A. elastic B. seismic C. shear D. tension

Chapter Review Answer The answer is A. Rocks undergo elastic deformation until they pass the elastic limit.

Question 2 __________ waves arrive first at seismograph stations. Chapter Review Question 2 __________ waves arrive first at seismograph stations. A. Pressure B. Primary C. Secondary D. Surface

Chapter Review Answer The answer is B. Secondary waves travel more slowly than primary waves and arrive second at seismograph stations.

Question 3 When seismic waves reach a seismograph, Chapter Review Question 3 When seismic waves reach a seismograph, which part of the seismograph vibrates? A. drum B. pen C. pendulum D. weight

Chapter Review Answer The answer is A. The pen is stationary and records the movements of the drum.

Question 4 What is the minimum number of seismograph Chapter Review Question 4 What is the minimum number of seismograph stations needed to determine the epicenter of an earthquake? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Chapter Review Answer The answer is C. Scientists use the time taken between the arrivals of primary and secondary waves to determine the distance from each seismograph station to the epicenter.

Chapter Review Question 5 What is a reverse fault?

Chapter Review Answer A reverse fault results from compression forces that squeeze rock. Rock above a reverse fault surface is pushed up and over the rock below the fault surface.

Question 1 The point at which energy is first released is Standardized Test Practice Question 1 The point at which energy is first released is called the __________ of an earthquake. A. epicenter B. focus C. origin D. pressure point

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is B. The focus is the point at which energy is first released. The epicenter is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake focus.

Question 2 What type of fault is shown in the diagram? A. compression Standardized Test Practice Question 2 What type of fault is shown in the diagram? A. compression B. normal C. reverse D. strike-slip

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is B. Normal faults can form where tension forces pull rocks apart.

Question 3 What type of earthquake wave does the diagram represent? Standardized Test Practice Question 3 What type of earthquake wave does the diagram represent? A. primary B. secondary C. surface D. transverse

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is A. Primary waves cause particles in rock to move parallel to the direction that the wave is traveling.

Question 4 What type of movement is this seismograph Standardized Test Practice Question 4 What type of movement is this seismograph designed to record? A. backward B. horizontal C. rolling D. vertical

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is B. The drum will rotate on the moving bedrock; the stationary pen will record horizontal movement.

Standardized Test Practice Question 5 If secondary waves reach the seismograph station three minutes after primary waves, how far is the station from the epicenter? A. 1,000 km C. 2,000 km B. 1,500 km D. 3,000 km

Standardized Test Practice Answer The answer is B. The primary waves reach the station in 3 minutes from an epicenter 1,500 km away; secondary waves arrive in 6 minutes.

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