Linking biochemistry and human metabolism Nutrition Linking biochemistry and human metabolism

What Are Nutrients? Carbohydrates Fats and oils Proteins Vitamins Nutrients: the chemicals in foods/drinks that are critical to human growth and function There are six groups of essential nutrients: Carbohydrates Fats and oils Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

Macronutrients vs. micronutrients? Macronutrients: nutrients required in relatively large amounts (g, grams) Provide energy Carbohydrates, fats and oils, proteins Micronutrients: nutrients required in smaller amounts (micros grams, g or milligrams, mg) Vitamins and minerals

Macronutrients - Carbohydrates Primary source of fuel for the body, especially for the brain Provide 4 kcal per gram Found in grains (wheat, rice), vegetables, fruits, and legumes

Macronutrients - Fats and Oils Composed of lipids, molecules that are insoluble in water Provide 9 kcal per gram Important energy source during rest or low-intensity exercise Found in butter, margarine, vegetable oils Source of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids

Carbohydrate and Fat Use by Exercise Intensity

Macronutrients - Proteins Chains of amino acids Can supply 4 kcal of energy per gram, but are not a primary energy source Important source of nitrogen, Building cells and tissues, Maintaining bones, Repairing damage, Regulating metabolism, Fluid balance Protein sources include meats, dairy products, seeds, nuts, and legumes

Micronutrients - Vitamins organic molecules that assist in regulating body processes do not supply energy to our bodies Fat-soluble vitamins Water-soluble vitamins

Minerals inorganic substances required for body processes Our bodies require at least 100 mg/day of the major minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride We require less than 100 mg/day of the trace minerals, such as iron, zinc, copper, iodine, and fluoride inorganic substances required for body processes include sodium, calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium have many different functions, such as fluid regulation, bone structure, muscle movement, and nerve functioning

Sodium Functions of sodium Fluid and electrolyte balance Associated with blood pressure and pH balance in the body Required for nerve impulse transmission Assists in the transport of certain nutrients (e.g., glucose) into body cells

Potassium Functions of potassium Fluid and electrolyte balance Very important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses High potassium intake helps to maintain a lower blood pressure Helps to maintain acid–base balance

Water Water is a critical nutrient for health and survival Water is involved in many body processes: fluid balance nutrient transport nerve impulses removal of wastes muscle contractions chemical reactions and many, many more…

Body Fluids Help Maintain Body Temperature Evaporative cooling occurs when heat is transported from the body core through the bloodstream to the surface of the skin.