Research Questions What is the scope of forced labor in the United States? What do victims of forced labor experience? What is needed to eradicate forced labor?

Study Methodology International definition of forced labor: “All work or service which is exacted from any person under menace of any penalty” (ILO Convention No. 29) Data Sources Survey of newspaper reports Survey of service providers Case studies Key informant interviews

How many victims? 10,000 or more victims of forced labor in U.S. at any given time Average length of servitude is 2.5 years Compare: 16,000 homicides in U.S. each year

Where are the victims?

California cities in which forced labor incidences were reported Anaheim Artesia Berkeley Daly City El Monte Fresno Long Beach Los Angeles Palo Alto San Diego San Francisco San Jose West Hollywood

Who are the victims? Reported Country of Origin of Victims of Forced Labor Number of Cases Estimated Number of Individuals Mexico25ca 1,500 United States20ca 71 China11ca 10,000 Thailand9ca 150 India9ca 70 Bangladesh8ca 200 Russia8ca 100 Vietnam6ca 250 Honduras5ca 70 Philippines5ca 200

Country of origin of victims Top Countries of Origin of California Victims Estimated Number of Persons Thailand136 Mexico104 Russia53 United States30 Top Countries of Origin of U.S. Victims Estimated Number of persons Chinaca 10,000 Mexicoca 1,500 Vietnamca 250 United Statesca 71 California United States

What are victims forced to do? Economic & Demographic Sectors Frequency of cases (not Individuals) Percent Prostitution546.4 Domestic service Agriculture Sweatshop-factory64.8 Service-food-care53.8 Sexual exploitation of children43.1 Entertainment43.1 Mail-order bride1.8 Total No economic sector reported6 Total (all cases)131 * * Of the 131 cases of forced labor found in the survey of press reports, 45 (36.3 percent) noted that children were involved. Approximately 1,200 child victims (those under the age of 18) were exploited in these cases.

Economic Sectors Economic & Demographic Sectors California Percent United States Percent Prostitution Domestic service Agriculture Sweatshop-factory Sexual exploitation of children Mail-order bride5.3.8

Why don’t victims walk away? Physical violence and threats Fear of U.S. authorities Dependency Retaliation against family back home Fear of a strange land Guards

Why are certain sectors vulnerable to forced labor? Demand Lack of legal protections Lack of monitoring and enforcement

How can we reduce vulnerability to forced labor? Education of targeted communities Monitoring and enforcement Training law enforcement and service providers

How can we strengthen protections for victims? Improve victim and witness protection in home countries Increase protection and support for victims in U.S. Develop protections for returnees