Section 3.14 Philip II and the Counter Reformation

Questions to consider: Why could Philip II rightly regard himself as an international figure? How was Spain ideally suited to be the instrument of Philip’s ambitions? How would you describe and characterize the general state of political and religious affairs in Europe in the first years of Philip’s reign? What conflict existed between religious and national loyalties?

More Questions to Consider: How permanent were the triumphs of Philip and of the Catholic cause in the years 1567 to 1572? Explain the political, economic, and religious issues that entered into the revolt of the Netherlands. How did the revolt merge with the international political and religious struggles in Europe? How would you analyze the reasons for Spain’s decline?

How did there come to be two Hapsburg “houses”? Charles V abdicated 1556 –Moved to a monastery Divided holdings between son and brother –Ferdinand (bro) Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and HRE –Philip II (son) Spain, New World, Spanish Netherlands, Burgundy, Milan, Naples, Tunis Briefly king of Portugal and England Hapsburg lands now divided into hereditary Austrian and Spanish domains Ferdinand I Philip II

Note the position of France

Who was Philip II ( ) and why was his rule considered a Golden Age? Fanatically Catholic Grave, somber, dark, brooding man ABOVE ALL ELSE, committed to upholding the supremacy of the universal Catholic Church Gave no thought to economic, material loss 33% of population in service of Church (1600) Ultimately this would lead to Spain’s decline

Who was Philip II ( ) and why was his rule considered a Golden Age? Ruled during Siglo de Oro ( ) The Century of Gold (Golden Age of Spain) CervantesCervantes- Don Quixote El Greco’s art represents a blend of passion and restraint, religious fervor and Neo- Platonism, influenced by the mysticism of the Counter- Reformation

El Greco

The Escorial A palace, monastery and mausoleum 30 miles from Madrid Bleak, arid plateau of central Castile Layout in form of grill Honoring St. Lawrence (roasted alive in 258 AD) Coffins of father, dead wives, children relocated there Lived in Spartan fashion

What was the general state of political and religious affairs in Europe in the first years of Philip’s reign? Catholic Offensive 1567 Philip sent Duke of Alva & 20 thousand soldiers to suppress Netherlands Brutally put down revolt of Moriscos Kept Turks at bay in Mediterranean (Lepanto, 1571) Encouraged Catholics in England to rebel against Elizabeth Approved of St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of Huguenots None of these proved lasting Fernando Alvarez, Duke of Alva ( )

Revolt of the Netherlands Germanic (Dutch) in North –Fishing industry, strong Protestant presence French—speaking South Comprised of 17 provinces (including Luxembourg) Hatred of Philip’s rule unites regions League of Nobles (200) –Petitions Philip to keep Inquisition out Philip refuses=revolts –Sends troops, Inquisition, Council of Troubles Known as Council of Blood Executes thousands, confiscates estates, taxes population

William of Orange A stadholder (soon to become hereditary title), was a leader of Calvinist provinces of Netherlands Known as “The Silent” Mobilizes anti-Spanish forces at sea Encourages Danes, Scots, English, Dutch to pirate Spanish ships Revolt of the Netherlands

Involvement of England Elizabeth quietly supports protestants in Netherlands Mary “Queen of Scots” –Great granddaughter of Henry VIII –Was queen of France (husband died), Queen of Scotland (driven out by Calvinists) –Imprisoned by Elizabeth (suspicious of her intrigue) Reburied by her son, James I

Don Juan’s Plot (Babington Plot) Was hero at battle of Lepanto (defeated Turks) Half brother to Philip Wanted to conquer Nether, invaded England, marry Mary, place her on throne, and rule England as King Died before his plot came to fruition Mary beheaded Letters supporting the plot discovered Involvement of England

Involvement of England Continued Parma becomes new leader after Don Juan in 1578 Promises liberties to moderates, zealous Catholics tired of mob violence Northern provinces (led by Holland and Zeeland) declare independence under Union of Utrecht in 1579 (renamed United Provinces of Netherlands in 1581) Parma moves against Antwerp forces Elizabeth to openly side with Holland Philip prepares to invade

The Spanish Armada (1588) Great armada or armada catolica Fleet of mixed nationalities Plan was to sail to Netherlands and take Parma’s army to England English met the Armada in the English Channel with 200 ships, commanded by Sir Francis Drake Stalwart and nimble English vessels out maneuvered the Spanish galleons

Refuge in Calais was lost to “fire ships” “Protestant Winds” from south to north pushed the Spanish into unfamiliar waters Retreat around northern British Isles was catastrophic Complete victory for the English is realized and the ascendancy of England begins Refuge in Calais was lost to “fire ships” “Protestant Winds” from south to north pushed the Spanish into unfamiliar waters Retreat around northern British Isles was catastrophic Complete victory for the English was realized and the ascendancy of England began Footnote to history: hundreds of Spanish sailors washed up alive on the shores of Ireland (and England)… In Ireland, which was also Catholic, they were accepted and are the presumed ancestors of the ‘Black Irish’, or Irish people with fair skin but black hair

Spanish Armada and the Protestant Wind Sir Francis Drake

Results of the Struggle Philip II died (of cancer) in 1598 a broken man England’s national spirit is emerging under Protestantism and set out to conqueror the seas The Netherlands are divided north and south –North (7 provinces) becomes Protestant, tolerant, close the Scheldt, and emerge as a rising commercial force at sea and in banking –South (10 provinces) becomes Catholic, is in ruins (40 yrs of war), and little help is forthcoming from Spain

Results of the Struggle Called Spanish Netherlands (Belgium today) Spain is imploding, financial dependence on New World wealth is becoming desperate, and leadership was directed toward Catholic affairs rather than Spain’s need Final blow to Spain is the line of incompetent kings that follow Philip incompetent kings