+ Maps & Projections AP Human Geography Mrs. Lacks

+ Functions of a Map Two purposes Reference tool: to find locations, to find one’s way Communications tool: to show the distribution of human and physical features

+ Scale Ratio/fraction – shows the ratio of distance on a map compared to the real earth measurement. Bar/graphic – shows the ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the earth Written – describes relation between map and Earth in words Small scale – shows a large area without a lot of detail Large scale – shows a small area with a lot of detail.

+ Scale

+ Globe 3d representation of the earth Advantage: provides a way to view the earth as it travels through space Disadvantage: Can only see half of it at one time

+ Maps 2D representations of selected parts of the earths surface Advantage: easily portable and can be drawn to any scale needed Disadvantage: distortion occurs when as the earth’s surface is flattened to create a map

+ Types of Maps General reference or topographic map: natural and man-made features on the earth Thematic: emphasize specific kind of information Navigational: help users plot a course through water or air.

+ Physical Maps Show types of landforms and bodies of water in a specific area.

+ Political Maps Show features on the earth’s surface that humans have created. Cities, states, provinces, territories, and countries

+ Thematic Maps Climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density and economic activities Qualitative - use colors, symbols, dots or lines to see patterns

+ Thematic Maps Cartograms – info about a country based on data other than land area Flow-line – illustrate movement of people, goods, ideas, and animals

+ Spatial Distribution The arrangement of items on the earth’s surface Analyzed by the elements common to all spatial distributions Density, Dispersion, and Pattern

+ Density The measure of the number or quantity of anything within a defined unit of area Always number in relation to area Normally used comparatively

+ Density GA pop. density = 141 per/sq mi Is that a high density? Who knows… we must look comparatively Ohio = 277, Michigan = 175, New Jersey = 1134 Therefore GA has a low Density Wyoming = 6

+

+ Dispersion Spread of a phenomenon over an area Not how many or how much but how far things are spread out 1. Clustered/Agglomerated = spatially close together 2. Dispersed/Scattered = spread out Dispersion can change depending on scale

+ Pattern The geometric arrangement of objects in space Refers to distribution, but the reference emphasizes design rather than spacing Types of Patterns: Linear, Centralized, and Random

+ Linear Pattern Linear Patterns typically depict houses along a street or towns along a railroad

+ Centralized Pattern Centralized Patterns typically involve items concentrated around a single node Ex: Center City with surrounding suburbs

+ Random Pattern An unstructured irregular distribution

+ Land Ordinance of 1785 Township and range system Township = 6 sq. miles on each side North–south lines = principal meridians East–west lines = base lines Range Sections

+ Township & Range System

+ Contemporary Tools Geographic Information Science (GIScience) Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Remote sensing Geographic information systems (GIS)

+ Map Projections A way of drawing the earth’s surface that reduces distortion caused by presenting a round earth on flat paper. A cartographer will reduce some types of distortion by using different types of map projections Distance, shape, direction, or area/size may be distorted.

+ Planar Projection Projection on a flat surface. Also called Azimuthal which shows the earth so a line that from the central point on the map gives the shortest distance between two points. Size and shape are distorted.

+ Conical Projection Projected onto a cone Shows shape fairly accurate and used to show landmasses that cover large areas going east and west Distorts landmasses at the edges

+ Cylindrical Projection Projection onto a cylinder and shows the entire earth on one map. Three types Mercator Homolosine Robinson

+ Mercator Shapes of continents are distorted at the poles and somewhat compressed near the equator

+ Homolsine (or Goode’s Projection) Oceans are divided Shows accurate shapes and sizes of the landmasses but distances on the map are not correct.

+ Robinson Shows entire earth almost true to sizes and shapes of continents and oceans. Shapes of the landforms near the poles appear flat.

+ Map Projection Activity

+ Peter’s e=PlayList&v=n8zBC2dvERM&list=PL9DF42BD3AD0FB8ED e=PlayList&v=n8zBC2dvERM&list=PL9DF42BD3AD0FB8ED