Chapter 5

 Functions of Supporting Material 1-create interest and engage attention 2-illustrate, clarify, and elaborate on the meaning of your ideas 3-prove that a statement is correct

 Way speech is developed and main points supported  Accuracy and Relevance important  Variety important  Examples, narratives, testimony, facts, and statistics=supporting material

1. Personal knowledge and Experience 2. Internet-search engines, WebPages  accountability, accuracy, objectivity, date, etc 3. Library Resources 4. Interviews 5. Resources from Special Interest Groups and Organizations

Primary Research Vs. Secondary Research

 Primary Research-original, first hand  interview, survey, experiment, field study  more complex and time consuming  some of you may have done interviewing for cultural speeches

 Interview-face to face communication for purpose of gathering information  Prepare questions in advance  Wording counts-avoid the following - Vague questions - Leading questions - Loaded question

 Survey-source of support for topics related to attitudes, values, beliefs of people  Informal surveys not enough to prove claims alone -likert-scale -multiple choice -open ended  Field Study-

 Secondary Research-information gathered by others -books, newspapers, periodicals, encyclopedias, almanacs, government pubs, biographical reference books, online databases

Types of Supporting Material

 Hard Evidence  Includes factual examples and statistics  Soft Evidence  Rests on opinion or inference.  Hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, analogies

 Conveying info through giving meaning.  Focuses on addressing the meaning of a new or complex concept  Defining can take at least 5 forms 1-operational definition 2-definition by negation 3-definition by example 4-definition by synonym 5-definition by etymology

 Examples -illustrate, describe, or represent ideas+ aid understanding - Brief example -Extended example - Hypothetical example

- Brief example -1 illustration of point Ex. Every culture has different traditions they follow in a wedding ceremony. For example, in the American culture, it is customary for the bride’s father to walk her down the isle, for the bride to have a maid of honor, and the groom to have a best man.

- Extended example -multifaceted illustration which gets point across effectively Ex. According to MayoClinic.com, there are several different ways that parents can help prevent childhood obesity. A healthy diet, exercise, and less time spent in front of the television are some examples. Healthy diet Exercise Less TV time

- Hypothetical example -made up or something that could happen in future Ex. Human cloning should be banned because it will create moral dilemmas that humanity is not prepared to handle. What if in the cloning process you produce someone with two heads and three arms? Are you simply going to euthanize and dispose of that person?

 Explanation -involves providing reasons or causes and demonstrating relationships, & offering interpretation and analysis

Testimony -first hand findings, eye-witness accounts and opinions - Expert testimony -provided by professionals trained to evaluate or report on a given topic Ex. According to Dr. Lee Jones from Harvard Medical School, people with diabetes who exceed the consumption of 2 eggs per week increase their chances of heart disease. NOT REAL

 - Lay testimony -evidence provided by non- experts (eye-witness)-credibility is still important According to one student who witnessed the shootings at Virginia Tech University, the shooter was …………(description)

 quantified evidence-summarizes numerical data  percentage, average, frequency, mean, median, mode-  ex. Smoking increases one’s chances of getting lung cancer. 75% of people who get lung cancer are smokers. -present ethically -avoid cherry-picking

 Facts -documented occurrences that include events, dates, times, etc -people usually require evidence or facts in order to accept something as true

 Documenting Source Material-cite sources -keep track of where you get everything (working bibliography) -cite within and at the end of work (reference page) Pg. 140  MLA and ABA samples in back of book

 can use online sources for research  make sure info is credible or reputable -author -date -does cite credits sources  start with search engine  use databases - ebscohost  properly cite online sources-often tricky