The Renaissance Instruments

String Instruments

The Lute—Pre-16 th Century Plucked Plucked (Other related instruments: vihuela, guitar, cittern, bandore, orpharion mandora and mandolin) (Other related instruments: vihuela, guitar, cittern, bandore, orpharion mandora and mandolin)

Lute

The Viol Family—Late 15 th Century Included different sizes, requiring different methods of performing Included different sizes, requiring different methods of performing Viola da braccio (“Viol of the Arm”) Viola da braccio (“Viol of the Arm”) Viola da gamba (“Viol of the leg”) Viola da gamba (“Viol of the leg”) Have fretted fingerboards and six strings Have fretted fingerboards and six strings

Viol

The Violin Family— Middle 16 th Century Slower to develop than viol Slower to develop than viol Still Different Sizes Still Different Sizes No Frets No Frets 4 strings 4 strings

ViolinViol

Wind Instruments Woodwind

The Recorder-Late 14 th Century Pitched in ranges similar to human voice (soprano, alto, tenor and bass)—(by the end of 15 th century) Pitched in ranges similar to human voice (soprano, alto, tenor and bass)—(by the end of 15 th century) Original instruments in one piece (currently several) Original instruments in one piece (currently several) Holes covered (or uncovered) to change pitches Holes covered (or uncovered) to change pitches

Recorder

The Chalumeau-Early Clarinet (hence the name of the lower clarinet register) The Chalumeau-Early Clarinet (hence the name of the lower clarinet register) Recorder with a reed Recorder with a reed Late 16 th Century Late 16 th Century

The Shawm—14 th Century Double-Reed Double-Reed Early Oboe Early Oboe Like Recorder had a holed-system Like Recorder had a holed-system Pitched in ranges similar to human voice Pitched in ranges similar to human voice

Shawm

The Crumhorn (Krumhorn)-- Capped (Covered) Double-Reed Capped (Covered) Double-Reed Early Bassoonish instrument Early Bassoonish instrument Like Recorder had a holed-system Like Recorder had a holed-system Pitched in ranges similar to human voice Pitched in ranges similar to human voice

Crumhorn

The Curtal-- Double-Reed Double-Reed Most closely related to the bassoon Most closely related to the bassoon Like Recorder had a holed-system Like Recorder had a holed-system Made by folding shawm in half Made by folding shawm in half Has bores (tubing) inside the casing that we see Has bores (tubing) inside the casing that we see Pitched in ranges similar to human voice Pitched in ranges similar to human voice Racket is related instrument (tightly-sound cylindrical bores inside casing) Racket is related instrument (tightly-sound cylindrical bores inside casing)

Curtal p.138

Racket

The Bagpipes and Bladder Pipes Well, they did all the other stuff that has been mentioned and held the air with a bag or bladder. Well, they did all the other stuff that has been mentioned and held the air with a bag or bladder.

Bladder Pipe

Bagpipe

Wind Instruments Brass

Brass Instruments Most were limited to a single key Most were limited to a single key Changed by slurring between registers (within harmonic series) Changed by slurring between registers (within harmonic series)

The Trumpet Slide or Straight Slide or Straight

The Sackbut Predecessor to the Trombone Predecessor to the Trombone Used a slide Used a slide

Sackbut

The Serpent Horn Large Curved Brass Instrument in the shape of, um…a serpent! Large Curved Brass Instrument in the shape of, um…a serpent! Changed notes with holes Changed notes with holes Predecessor of the Tuba Predecessor of the Tuba

Serpent Curtel

Percussion Instruments Not a whole lot has changed They were still struck

The Long Drum

Tambourine The Long Drum and the Short Drum?

Keyboard Instruments

The Organ Featured multiple registers (several sets of pipes) Featured multiple registers (several sets of pipes) Smaller organs required the performer to operate the bellows with one hand while playing with the other Smaller organs required the performer to operate the bellows with one hand while playing with the other Larger organs allowed a second person to operate the bellows, allowing the performer to use both hands Larger organs allowed a second person to operate the bellows, allowing the performer to use both hands

Claviorganum, 1598 Made by Laurentium Hauslaib Nuremberg, Germany Portative-Table top Organ

Regal, 1575 Two-Person Organ (Pipes not shown)

The Harpsichord— Late 14 th Century Played as a either a solo or accompanying instrument Played as a either a solo or accompanying instrument Different stops or pulls allowed the player to access different octaves on the same keys AND to play different dynamics Different stops or pulls allowed the player to access different octaves on the same keys AND to play different dynamics (Keys were reversed—white vs. black) (Keys were reversed—white vs. black)

Harpsichord

The Clavichord— Early 15 th Century Small solo or home practice instrument Small solo or home practice instrument Strings hit with hammer (inside) Strings hit with hammer (inside) Allowed change in dynamics with finger pressure Allowed change in dynamics with finger pressure

Clavichord (Germany, 1710)

The Renaissance Instrumental and Dance Music

Instrumental Music 4 Types: 4 Types: –Intabulations –Variations –Freely Composed/Abstract Works –Dance Music

Intabulations Arrangement of a vocal work for plucked string instruments or keyboard Arrangement of a vocal work for plucked string instruments or keyboard Often times from a chanson (or related work) Often times from a chanson (or related work) Included lute, guitar, vihuela, cittern, pandora, harpsichord Included lute, guitar, vihuela, cittern, pandora, harpsichord First publication devoted entirely to keyboard music Frottole intabulate da sonare organi, was published in Rome in 1517 by Andrea Antico First publication devoted entirely to keyboard music Frottole intabulate da sonare organi, was published in Rome in 1517 by Andrea Antico

Variations Theme and Variation Theme and Variation Theme is presented…and then it is varied (with ornamentation and embellishment). Theme is presented…and then it is varied (with ornamentation and embellishment). Often times motive statement and restatement techniques are used. Often times motive statement and restatement techniques are used. ♫3:10 (Cabezon, , Harpsichord)

Freely Composed/Abstract No established form No established form Important genres: Important genres: –Ricercar –Fantasia –Tocatta

Freely Composed/Abstract Ricercar-Italian, “To research, to seek out” Ricercar-Italian, “To research, to seek out” –“Seeks out” more or thematic idea –Runs and passagework –Dramatic pause –Rubato feel (freely, varying tempo) LATER: –Mainly pervading imitation and very similar to style and form of motets ♫Bonus:5 (Spinacino, 1507, Lute) ♫3:10 (Gabrieli, 1589, cornets and sackbuts)

Freely Composed/Abstract Toaccata-Italian toccare, “to touch” Toaccata-Italian toccare, “to touch” Lightly touching piano keys (moving passages) Lightly touching piano keys (moving passages) Freely constructed and unrelated to any preexistent material Freely constructed and unrelated to any preexistent material Fantasia-Fantasy on composers imagination Fantasia-Fantasy on composers imagination Similar to toccata Similar to toccata Implores the use of most techniques described thus far (pervading imitation, theme and variation, motive restatements, etc.) Implores the use of most techniques described thus far (pervading imitation, theme and variation, motive restatements, etc.)

Dance Music Provided as dance music Provided as dance music Several types, distinguishable: Several types, distinguishable: –Pavane: slow, courtly dance (two) –Passamezzo: Like pavane, but lighter step –Bourree: Lively (two) –Salterello: Lively (usually follows slower dance) –Galliarde: More Lively than salterello…requires leaps from dancers –Volta: vigorous, turning dance (Italian voltare “to turn”) –Branle: Line dance –Moresca: Dance influenced by “Moorish” styles (Northern Africa and Spain) –Rondo: Round Dance large group in a circle—lively tempo ♫3:11-12 (Praetorius, 1612, Various)