The Scientific Revolution 21.1

Scientific Revolution Many people took an interest in the world around them. A number of changes in the 15 th century and sixteenth century caused the natural philosophers to abandon their old views and develop new ones. (Aristotle) Mathematics played a very important role in the scientific achievements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The study of mathematics was promoted in the Renaissance by the rediscovery of the works of ancient mathematicians.

Great Mathematicians Nicholas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton were all great mathematicians who believed that the secrets of nature were written in language of mathematics. After studying and sometimes, discarding the ideas of the ancient mathematicians, these intellectuals developed new theories that became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution.

Ptolemaic System

Ptolemy, who lived in the second century A.D, was the greatest astronomer of his time. Based on the views of Aristotle and of Christianity, the philosophers of the Middle Ages had constructed a model of the universe known later as the Ptolemaic system. This system puts the Earth at the center of the universe.

Copernicus and Kepler In May 1543, Nicholas Copernicus, a native of Poland, published his famous book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. He believed that sun was the center of the universe, not the earth.

Copernican Universe

Galileo Galileo taught mathematics. He was the first European to make regular observations of the heavens using the telescope. With this tool,Galieleo made a remarkable series of discoveries: mountains on the Moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots. Galileo’s observations seemed to destroy yet another aspect of the Ptolemaic conception. Heavenly bodies had been seen as pure orbs of light, Instead it appeared that they were composed of material substance just as Earth was.

Galileo and the Church The church ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea. The copernican system threatened the church’s entire conception of the universe and seemed to contradict the Bible. The problem was that heavens seemed to be no longer a spiritual world but a world of matter.

continued In spite of the Church’s position, by the 1630’s and 1640’s most astronomers had come to accept the heliocentric conception of the universe.

Isaac Newton Born in 1642, Isaac Newton showed few signs of brilliance until he attended Cambridge University. Later he became a professor of mathematics at the university and wrote his major work…….Mathematical Principals of Natural Philosophy. This work was know simply as the Principia, by the first world of its Latin title.

Newton’s Laws In his first book the Principia these were listed. Law of motion Law of gravitation The universe was also re-defined as a much larger place than once thought.

Scientific Method During the Scientific Revolution, people became concerned about how they could best understand the physical world. The result was the creation of a Scientific Method. This is a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. The scientific method was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world.

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon – an English philosopher with few scientific credentials, believed that instead of relying on the ideas of ancient authorities, scientists should use inductive reasoning t learn about nature. Statement by Bacon : “the true and lawful goal of the sciences in one other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power,” Bacon was concerned with practical matters than pure science. He wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade.

QUIZ ????? Answer the following questions 1.What is the scientific method? 2.What changes in the 15 th and 16 th centuries helped the natural philosophers develop new views? 3.Describe the Ptolemaic System. 4.Describe the Copernican System. 5.Name me the 3 scientists/mathematicians listed?

The Enlightenment CHAPTER 21.2

The Enlightenment WHAT IS ENLIGHTENMENT?????

Path to Enlightenment The enlightenment was an eighteenth-century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the Scientific Revolution. The word to remember with this path is “Reason”. People hoped that by using the scientific method, they could make progress toward these common words to the thinkers of Enlightenment. Two 17 th century Englishmen influenced Enlightenment. 1.John Locke 2.Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton

To Newton, the physical world and everything in it was like a giant machine. If Newton could discover the natural laws that governed the physical world, then by using his methods, the intellectuals of the Enlightenment thought they could discover the natural laws that governed human society.

John Locke

Locke’s ideas suggested that people were molded by the experiences that came through their senses from the surrounding world. If the environment were changed and people were exposed to the right influences, then people could be changed and a new society created.

John Locke’s idea How should the environment be changed? Using Newton’s methods, people believed that they could discover the natural laws that all institution should follow to produce the ideal society.

Charles-Louis de Secondat

Studied governments to find the natural laws governing social and political relationships. He published his ideas in The Spirit of Laws (1748) In the Spirit of Laws he identified three kinds of government. 1.Republics 2.Despotism 3.Monarchies

Charles – Louis de Secondat His analysis of the English monarchy is his most lasting contribution. He argued that the government through Separation of Powers controlled by checks and balances.

Rights of Women Mary Wollstonecraft is considered the founder of European and American movement for women’s rights. She argued that women were as rational as men as capable of being responsible free citizens.

A vindication of the rights of women In a vindication of the rights of women, Wollstonecraft identified two problems with the beliefs of many Enlightenment thinkers. Power of men over women was equally wrong. She also argued that because women are rational beings, they should have the same right as men in educational, economic, and political life.

Social World of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment ideas were most known among the urban upper class. Literacy and the availability of books were increasing greatly during the 18 th century. Magazines for the general public developed during this time. The daily newspaper did as well. The first was printed in London in 1702.

Religion in the Enlightenment Most of the philosophies attacked the Christian churches, but most Europeans of the time were divot believers.

Religion in the Enlightment One of the religious movement was Methodism, John Wesley starts the Methodist church. He preached to the masses in England, mostly to lower classes. They believed in good works, and giving the low class a sense of purpose. After Wesley’s death the church became a separate Protestant group.

Quiz 1.What is Enlightenment? 2.Name two people who were influenced by Enlightenment. 3.What did John Locke believe in? 4.What are the three types of government listed in the Spirit of Laws? 5.Who started the Methodist Church?

Arts CHAPTER 21.3

THE ARTS The Enlightenment had a large impact on culture in several new ways. 1.Architecture 2.Paintings 3.Music A.Sebastian BachB. HandelC. Franz Joseph HaydenD. Amadeus Mozart 4.Novel were developed in the 18 th century.