Carbohydrates are the most abundant macromolecules of life are made up entirely of C, H, O Functions of Carbohydrates are: Plant Structure cellulose gives structure to many plant walls Immediate Energy Needs carbohydrates are broken down to glucose glucose is used to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ATP is the body's energy currency Long-Term Energy Storage glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

Monosaccharides Glucose main source of our fuel formed by plants found in many foods C 6 H 12 O 6 Galactose forms lactose Fructose found in fruit/honey Ribose found in RNA Deoxyribose found in DNA

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides Starch plant energy storage found in potatoes, rice corn and wheat Glycogen animal energy storage Cellulose plant structure source of dietary fiber Chitin found in insects and crustacean shells

Fruits Consume a variety of fruits and no more than one-third of the recommended intake as fruit juice

Vegetables Choose a variety of vegetables from all five subgroups several times a week

Dietary Fiber

Fiber Soluble Insoluble

head beard kernels stem root a wheat plant a kernel of wheat husk (chaff) bran (14%) endosperm (83%) germ (2.5%) What’s in Whole Grain? Germ Endosperm Bran Husk What’s in White Bread? Endosperm

Gallbladder stores bile Liver uses blood cholesterol to make bile Intestine: bile aids digestion; binds to fiber Fiber and bile excreted in feces A little cholesterol in bile reabsorbed into the blood High-Fiber Diet

Gallbladder stores bile Liver uses blood cholesterol to make bile Intestine: bile aids digestion Little bile excreted Much of the cholesterol in bile absorbed into the blood Low-Fiber Diet

diverticula colon Diverticulosis Diverticulitus

Table 4-4, p. 111

Fig. 4-9, p. 112

Grains Make at least half of the grain selections whole grains

The Added Sugar Problem

Watch for Refined Sugars

Solid Fats and Added Sugars Limit intakes of food and beverages with solid fats and added sugars