3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 1 of 12 Session I.2.0 Part I Review of Fundamentals Module 2Introduction Session 0Part I Table of Contents IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 2 of 12 Module I-2 - Basic Physics and Mathematics used in Radiation Protection Lesson - Basic Nuclear Physics Introduction To Atomic Structure Session I neutrons, protons and electrons; periodic table; atomic mass, isotopes of element Session I excitation, ionization; binding energy Session I accelerated particles; characteristic X rays, bremsstrahlung Session I auger electrons, internal conversion; energies Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 3 of 12 Lesson - Radioactivity Session I nuclear stability; unstable nuclei; radionuclides Session I modes of disintegration alpha, beta, gamma; types of spectra; positron; electron capture; table of radionuclides Session I activity; law of radioactive decay; half- life; decay constant; mean life; activity, units Session I decay chains and equilibrium Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 4 of 12 Lesson - Nuclear Reactions Session I types of reactions; induced radioactivity; fission and fusion (energy considerations); cross section; energetics of reactions Lesson - Basic Mathematics Session I differentiation/integration; decay equations (exponential functions); first order ordinary linear differential equations with a constant Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 5 of 12 Lesson - Statistics Session I accuracy; precision; reliability Session I mean, mode, median; standard deviation; standard error; confidence levels Session I probability theory; random variables; distributions: different types (log-normal, binomial, Poisson, Gaussian); scatter diagram Session I student T test; chi square Session I regression; correlation; practical application to counting Session I curve fitting by least square methods Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 6 of 12 Module I-3 - Interaction of Radiation with Matter Lesson - Charged Particle Radiation Heavy Particles (Alpha, Proton Nuclei) Session I energy transfer mechanisms, ionization, scattering nuclear interaction; range- energy relationship Session I Bragg curve; stopping power; shielding Beta Particles Session I mechanisms of energy transfer; relation- ships; bremsstrahlung; Cerenkov radiation; shielding Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 7 of 12 Lesson - Uncharged Radiation X and Gamma Rays Session I photoelectric effect; Compton scattering; pair production; secondary photon production Session I linear mass attenuation coefficient; exponential attenuation Session I effect of Z on absorbing medium; buildup correction; shielding Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 8 of 12 Neutrons Session I interaction; scattering; absorption; energy categories Session I neutron activation; radioactive capture (n,p), (n,  ) Session I moderation; shielding Session I induced radioactivity: by charged and uncharged particles Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 9 of 12 Module I-4 - Sources of Radiation Lesson - Natural Radiation Session I terrestrial radionuclides: Uranium ( 235 U and 238 U), 232 Th, 40 K; important radionuclides in 238 U and 232 Th decay chains (Ra, Rn emanation, etc.); NORM Session I cosmic radiation: types of cosmic radiation; variation with latitude and altitude Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 10 of 12 Lesson - Human Made Radioactive Sources Session I radioactive sources: beta, alpha, gamma and X ray sources; isotopic neutron sources Session I sealed sources; unsealed sources and isotope generators; source enclosures Session I production of radioisotopes; general safety of radiation sources; fallout Session I nuclear reactors: review of fission and fusion reactions; moderation of neutrons; neutrons, multiplication factor, criticality Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 11 of 12 Lesson - Human Made Radioactive Sources (cont) Session I basic elements of a nuclear reactor; types of reactors Session I research reactors Session I nuclear fuel cycle installations Part I Review of Fundamentals

3/2003 Rev 1 I.2.0 – slide 12 of 12 Lesson - Radiation Generators Session I charged particle production: linear accelerators; betatrons; cyclotrons Session I x ray production: low energy X ray machines; linear accelerators; other machines Session I principles and spectra; filtration and beam quality Session I neutron production: (d,n) reactions and (p,n) reactions neutron production for neutron therapy Session I applications of ionizing radiation in medicine, industry, and agriculture; consumer products Part I Review of Fundamentals