Unit 7 Mineral Resources

Do Now What are tectonic plates? How and why do earthquakes occur? What is a tsunami, and why do tsunamis occur?

Objective I can analyze the relationship between plate tectonics and earthquakes, as well as their effect on human health using a lab investigation of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Agenda Do Now, Objective (10 min) Geology Basics (20 min) Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab Parts I – III (50 min) Exit Ticket (10 min)

The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet Three major concentric zones of the earth Core Mantle, including the asthenosphere Crust Continental crust Oceanic crust: 71% of crust

Cross-section of the Earth Lithosphere – rigid “floating” on asthenosphere Asthenosphere – fluid

Convection Currents in the Mantle Lithosphere – rigid Asthenosphere – fluid - Convection currents in the mantle drive movement of tectonic plates in the lithosphere

Cold dense material falls back through mantle Mantle convection cell Spreading center Oceanic tectonic plate Collision between two continents Oceanic tectonic plate Plate movement Plate movement Tectonic plate Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Continental crust Continental crust Cold dense material falls back through mantle Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Hot material rising through the mantle Mantle convection cell Asthenosphere Figure 14-3: The earth is composed of a core, mantle, and crust, and within the core and mantle, dynamic forces have major effects on what happens in the crust and on the surface. Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on a falling convection current. Mantle Hot outer core Inner core Fig. 14-3, p. 351

The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is Moving The earth’s crust is broken into tectonic plates Tectonic plates “float” on the asthenosphere A lot of geological activity takes place at the plate boundaries

Indian-Australian plate North American plate Eurasian plate Juan De Fuca plate Caribbean plate Philippine plate Arabian plate Cocos Plate Pacific plate African plate Pacific plate Indian-Australian plate South American plate Nazca plate Figure 14-18: The earth’s crust has been fractured into several major tectonic plates. White arrows indicate examples of where plates are colliding, separating, or grinding along against each other in opposite directions. Question: Which plate are you riding on? Antarctic plate Scotia plate Fig. 14-18, p. 366

Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from the Earth’s Interior Magma rising through the lithosphere reaches the earth’s surface through a crack Eruption – release of lava, hot ash, and gases into the environment

Extinct volcanoes Eruption cloud Ash Acid rain Ash flow Lava flow Mud flow Central vent Landslide Magma conduit Figure 14-20: Sometimes, the internal pressure in a volcano is high enough to cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected into the atmosphere (photo inset) or to flow over land, causing considerable damage. Magma reservoir Solid lithosphere Partially molten asthenosphere Upwelling magma Fig. 14-20, p. 367

Figure 14-20: Sometimes, the internal pressure in a volcano is high enough to cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected into the atmosphere (photo inset) or to flow over land, causing considerable damage. Fig. 14-20, p. 367

Earthquakes Are Geological Rock-and-Roll Events Earthquake: Breakage and shifting of rocks Earthquakes occur at faults Create seismic waves Cause vibrations in the crust Focus – origin of earthquake Magnitude – severity of earthquake Amplitude – size of the seismic waves https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wji8cNpFhas

Liquefaction of recent sediments causes buildings to sink Two adjoining plates move laterally along the fault line Earth movements cause flooding in low-lying areas Landslides may occur on hilly ground Figure 14-21: An earthquake (left) is one of nature’s most powerful events. The photo shows damage from a 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Shock waves Focus Epicenter Fig. 14-21, p. 367

Types of Earthquake Movement http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/Swave.htm http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/Pwave.htm http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/edumod/waves/Rwave.htm

Richter Scale Logarithmic scale A magnitude 5 EQ is 10x greater than a magnitude 4 EQ

Figure 14-19: The San Andreas Fault, created by the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate sliding very slowly past each other, runs almost the full length of California (see map). It is responsible for earthquakes of various magnitudes, which have caused rifts on the land surface in some areas (photo). Fig. 14-19, p. 366

Figure 14-21: An earthquake (left) is one of nature’s most powerful events. The photo shows damage from a 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Fig. 14-21b, p. 367

Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis Series of huge waves generated when ocean floor suddenly rises or drops Travels several hundred miles per hour December 2004 – Indian Ocean tsunami Magnitude 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore

Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause Huge Waves Called Tsunamis 2011 – Japan tsunami Damaged nuclear reactors Detection of tsunamis Buoys in open ocean

Earthquake in seafloor swiftly pushes water upwards, and starts a series of waves Waves move rapidly in deep ocean reaching speeds of up to 890 kilometers per hour. As the waves near land they slow to about 45 kilometers per hour but are squeezed upwards and increased in height. Waves head inland causing damage in their path. Figure 14-22: This diagram illustrates how a tsunami forms. The map shows the area affected by a large tsunami in December 2004—one of the largest ever recorded. Undersea thrust fault Fig. 14-22a, p. 368

Upward wave Earthquake Figure 14-22: This diagram illustrates how a tsunami forms. The map shows the area affected by a large tsunami in December 2004—one of the largest ever recorded. Fig. 14-22b, p. 368

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab In today’s lab you will accomplish the following Locate the epicenter of the earthquake that caused the tsunami using real seismographic data Determine what tectonic plate the earthquake occurred on, and what type of plate boundary caused the quake Calculate when the earthquake occurred, and how long people living in the Indian Ocean had to leave for higher ground before the tsunami hit Learn why 3 seismograms are needed to determine an earthquake’s epicenter Analyze how a tsunami monitoring system in the Indian Ocean may have changed the outcome of what happened

Lab Part I – 30 minutes Follow steps 1-5 and locate the epicenter of the earthquake that caused the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Answer response questions Locate the focus of the earthquake Calculate the time that earthquake occurred.

Lab Part II – 10 minutes Now that you located the epicenter of the earthquake, and you know when it occurred, you will use seismograms from closers stations to get a more precise epicenter location.

Lab Part III – 10 minutes During this section of the lab you will calculate how long it took for the tsunami to propagate (move) from the epicenter through the rest of the Indian Ocean Basin.

Exit Ticket Answer questions 1 – 4 on your exit ticket, and turn it into the bin 

Day 2

Do Now Why do you need 3 seismograms to locate the epicenter of an earthquake? What is the difference between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake? Draw and label a picture to show your understanding.

Objective I can analyze the relationship between plate tectonics and earthquakes, as well as their effect on human health using a lab investigation of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Agenda Do Now, Objective (10 min) Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab Part IV (35 min)

Indian Ocean Tsunami Lab Part IV – 35 min Today you will complete your tsunami lab by researching the human cost of the tsunami. You are expected to Answer all questions in part IV Use chromebooks to research the effect of the tsunami on the people living in countries with coast on the Indian Ocean Research how a similar tsunami could effect people on the coast of Oregon in the U.S.

Day 3

Do Now

Objective

Agenda Do Now, Objective Mining the Web-quest Introduction to Energy

Exit Ticket