Organelles we will study Cytoplasm Cell membrane and Cell Wall Nucleus Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth rough Ribosomes Golgi Body Mitochondria Vacuoles Lysosomes Centrioles Chloroplast Cell Wall Cytoskeleton

Cell Membranes and Cell Walls thin, flexible barrier around a cell regulates what enters and leaves the cell plant and animal cells Cell Wall: Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plant cells, algae, and some bacteria

Cell Wall -- in plants only

CYTOPLASM Cytoplasm: material inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus *Function: holds dissolved molecules, nutrients and ions that the cell will need to carry out life processes Both Plant and Animal Cells

Nucleus *Contains nucleolus and chromatin surrounded by envelope (membrane) *Directs the cell activites *Both Plant and Animal cells

Around the Nucleus……. the Nucleus Nuclear envelope: *Double membrane with pores surrounding the nucleus *Function is to control what goes in and out of the nucleus; to protect the chromatin

Inside the Nucleus Chromatin: *uncoiled DNA wrapped around proteins Nucleolus: *found in the nucleus *contains chromatin and ribosomal subunits *makes ribosomes Chromatin: *uncoiled DNA wrapped around proteins *located in nucleus *DNA stores the directions for making an organism

The nucleus and the envelope The nucleus and the nuclear envelope The nucleus and the envelope

Ribosomes Ribosomes make proteins. (remember-- from amino acids) Ribosomes can be found alone in the cytoplasm (free), in groups, or attached (bound) to the endoplasmic reticulum. Plant &Animal

Ribosomes Ribosomes are nonmembranous organelles composed of RNA and protein

The endoplasmic reticulum The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a system of membranous channels Both Plant and Animal Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis and processing. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is the site of synthesis of phospholipids and the packaging of proteins into vesicles, among other functions. Saccules are flattened vesicles.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus (complex, body) consists of a stack of curved saccules. Both plant and animal The Golgi apparatus receives protein and also lipid-filled vesicles from the ER, packages, processes, and distributes them within the cell and the edge / outside of the cell.

The Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus Lysosomes are vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes contain enzymes and are involved in digestion and breakdown of unneeded or broken materials. Lysosomes in a white blood cell

(b) A Lysosome in action Mitochondrial Fragment Lysosome

The formation and functions of lysosomes

The plant cell vacuole Vacuoles are membranous sacs in the cell that store water and other needed substances. They are large in plant cells and small (sometimes called vesicles) in animal cells.

Mitochondria are found in plant and animal cells Mitochondria are found in plant and animal cells. Their function is to help break down carbohydrates (sugars) to make energy. This is known as “respiration.” Both Plant and Animal

The chloroplast, site of photosynthesis

Chloroplast

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to keep its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. Both plant and animal cells.

Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Section 7-2 Cell membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule Microfilament Ribosomes Mitochondrion

Cilia and flagella Cilia move fluids Flagella is like a tail on a cell; they move sperm cells

Centrioles Centrioles are short cylinders found just outside the nucleus in animal cells. Centrioles are involved in microtubule formation and disassembly during cell division.

Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Cells Plant Cells Section 7-2 Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell membrane Contain DNA Ribosomes Animal Cells Plant Cells Cell membrane Ribosomes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts Centrioles

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Centrioles Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Smooth Mitochondrion Cell Membrane Ribosome (free) (attached) Animal Cell

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells Section 7-2 Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Plant Cell

The End…