1 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved PowerPoint Presentations for Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann Prepared by Beth M. Schwartz This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Seventh Edition

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter 2 Biopsychology, Neuroscience, and Human Nature

3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What is Biopsychology? The specialty in psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behavior, and mental processes

4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved What is neuroscience? Focuses on how the brain produces mental processes and behavior Interdisciplinary field psychologists biologists computer scientists chemists neurologists linguists

5 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Evolution has fundamentally shaped psychological processes because it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior How Are Genes and Behavior Linked?

6 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Darwin and Natural Selection Darwin – years surveying the coastline of South America Radical idea about relationship among species All creatures, including humans, share a common ancestry On the Origin of Species (1859) Natural selection – Individuals best adapted to the environment are more likely to flourish and reproduce

7 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Genes and Inheritance Genotype – An organism’s genetic makeup; What makes you different from anyone else. Phenotype – An organism’s observable physical characteristics, including your visible traits and biological traits.

8 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Genome – The complete set of genetic information contained within a cell DNA – A long, complex molecule that encodes genetic characteristics Genes – The functional units of a chromosome composed of nucleotides

9 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Sex chromosomes – The X and Y chromosomes that determine our physical sex characteristics Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA Chromosomes – Tightly coiled threadlike structures along which the genes are organized

10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Genetic Explanations for Psychological Processes Genetic Explanations for Psychological Processes Intelligence Personality Mental disorders Sexual orientation Reading and language abilities -Influence of multiple genes on psychological processes -Never attribute psychological characteristics to genetics alone

11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Choosing Your Children’s Genes Choosing Your Children’s Genes Interesting questions to address: If you could select three genetic traits for your children, which ones would you select? If a biological child of your had a life-threatening illness, would you attempt to conceive a “savior sibling? Why or why not? If you knew you might carry a gene responsible for a serious medical or behavior disorder, would you want to be tested before having children?

12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The brain coordinates the body’s two communication systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system, which uses chemical processes to communicate with targets throughout the body How Does the Body Communicate Internally?

13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Body’s Dual Communication System Neurons (Nerve cells): Cell specialized to receive and transmit information to other cells in the body. Nervous system: network of neurons that extends all through the body Endocrine system: a group of glands that operates together and in parallel with the nervous system

14 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Neuron Types of Neurons: Sensory neurons (carry messages from sense receptors towards the CNS) Motor neurons (carry messages from CNS toward muscles and glands) Interneurons (carry messages between nerve cells)

15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Structure of a Neuron

16 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Neural Impulse Resting potential Action potential All-or-none principal Synapse Terminal buttons Synaptic transmission Neurotransmitters

17 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters – Chemical messengers that relay neural messages across the synapse.

18 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Seven Important Neurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins

19 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedNeurotransmittersDopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Used in brain circuits that produces sensations of pleasure and reward; used by CNS neurons in voluntary movement Problems with Imbalance: Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease Substances that Affect: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Alcohol

20 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedNeurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior Problems with Imbalance: Depression, certain anxiety disorders, obsessive- compulsive disorder Substances that Affect: Fluoxetine (Prozac), Hallucinogenics (e.g. LSD)

21 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedNeurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Controls heart rate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance and appetite Problems with Imbalance: High blood pressure, depression Substances that Affect: Tricyclic antidepressants, beta-blockers

22 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedNeurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Primary transmitter used by efferent neurons carrying messages from CNS; Involved in some kinds of learning and memory Problems with Imbalance: Certain muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease Substances that Affect: Nicotine, Botulism toxin, Curare, Atropine, Barbiturates

23 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedNeurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS Problems with Imbalance: Anxiety, Epilepsy Substances that Affect: “Minor” tranquilizers (e.g. Valium, Librium), Alcohol

24 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedNeurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; Involved in learning and memory Problems with Imbalance: Excess causes brain damage after stroke Substances that Affect: PCP (“angel dust”)

25 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedNeurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Pleasurable sensations and control of pain Problems with Imbalance: Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction Substances that Affect: Opiates: opium, heroin, morphine, methadone

26 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Plasticity Plasticity – Ability of the nervous system to adapt or change as the result of experience; sometimes helps the nervous system adapt to physical damage

27 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Glial Cells Glial cells Provide structural support for neurons Help in forming new synapses Form myelin sheath

28 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Organization of the Nervous System

Contralateral Connections 29 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 30 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

31 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Endocrine System (the body’s chemical messenger system)

32 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Endocrine System Pituitary gland – master gland that regulates the endocrine glands. Regulates many basic functions of the body Controlled by the hypothalamus

Serotonin Pathways in the Brain 33 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

34 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved How Does the Brain Produce Behavior and Mental Processes? The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior

35 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Windows on the Brain EEG (electroencephalograph) – Device for recording brain waves, typically by electrodes placed on the scalp Brain waves – Patterns of electrical activity generated by the brain

36 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Windows on the Brain Computerized brain scans – CT scanning (computerized tomography) PET scanning (positron emission tomography) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

Windows on the Mind 37 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

38 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Three Layers of the Brain Brain stem and cerebellum Drive vital functions, such as heart rate, breathing, digestion Limbic system Adds emotions, complex motives, increased memory abilities Cerebrum Enables reasoning, planning, creating, problem solving

39 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

40 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Limbic System Hippocampus – Involved in establishing long-term memories

41 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Limbic System Amygdala – Involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression

42 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Limbic System Hypothalamus – Serves as the brain’s blood- testing laboratory, constantly monitors blood to determine the condition of the body

43 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Cerebrum – Topmost layer of the brain; the bulbous cap over the limbic system Cerebral cortex – Thin gray-matter covering of the cerebrum; carries on thinking and perceiving Cerebral hemispheres – The two walnut shaped halves of the cerebrum, connected by the corpus callosum

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 4444

The Motor Cortex and the Somatosensory Cortex 45 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

46 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Recently Discovered Mirror Neurons Class of neurons that fire in response to observation of another person’s actions or emotions Neurons fire as if we had performed the same act ourselves

47 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved Cerebral Dominance Cerebral dominance Tendency of each brain hemisphere to exert control over different functions Language and Communication The left hemisphere usually dominates Spatial orientation Process of locating one’s body or other objects in space

Complimentary Processing Styles Two hemispheres do not compete Each contribute to the same task Left hemisphere: Analytic, sequential Right hemisphere: Holistic, emotional, spatial 48 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

49 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved The Split Brain Split-brain patients – Individuals who have had the corpus callosum surgically severed Duality of consciousness – Condition in which a split-brain patient has a separate consciousness in each hemisphere

Testing a Split-Brain Patient Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved 5050

Contralateral Effects of Damage to the Cerebral Hemispheres 51 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved