Unit: Biodiversity and Change Unit Essential Question: How does natural selection explain how organisms have changed over time?

Concept: Adaptations How do structural, functional, and behavioral adaptations enable organisms to survive under various environmental conditions? (CLE ) What are the different structural, functional, and behavioral adaptations of animals and plants that are found in different environments? (SPI )

Adaptation– any structure or behavior that increases an organism’s chance of survival Structural adaptation  Related to its form, or structure. Functional adaptation  Related to the way its body works Behavioral adaptation  Something an animal does to help it survive.

Structural adaptations of desert plants  Wide-spreading, shallow roots  Long, deep root systems  Hairy leaves  Spines  Wax coatings  Thick stems and leaves Functional adaptations of desert plants  Perform photosynthesis in their stems  Leafless  Flowers open only at night  Grow slowly  Flowers bloom quickly, all at once after rain Structural and Functional Adaptations of Plants

Tropical Rainforest Plant Adaptations  Thin topsoil  Shallow roots  Prop and stilt roots  Waxy leaves  Curved leaves

Adaptations in Animals Cold environments  Blubber  Layered fur  Fluffing of feathers  Migration  Hibernation Dry climates  Active only at night  Large ears  Produce little urine

Adaptations in Animals High Altitude  Increased RBC  More capillaries  Rapid breathing Deep Water  Flexible rib cages Other adaptations  Pheromones  Vision  Quills and odor

Coevolution When two species each evolve in response to changes in the other. Also occurs in predator – prey relationships

Concept: Form and Function What is the relationship between form and function in living things? (CLE , , SPI )

Evolution – process by which species change over time.

Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures Embryology Chemical Structures

Homologous structures Similar structures Different functions

Analogous Structures Different structures Similar functions

Vestigial Structures Body parts that have no apparent function

Embryology – study of embryos Evidence that the organisms are related; they are all vertebrates

Chemical Structures The more similarities found in the DNA, the more closely related the individuals are.

Concept: Speciation How are genetic variations in a population and changes in environmental conditions associated with adaptation and the emergence of new species? (CLE , SPI ) What is natural selection, and how does it aid in the development of new species? ( ) How is the amount of biodiversity related to the ability of a population to adapt to a changing environment? (SPI )

Species Population of organisms that  have the same basic structure  can interbreed to produce fertile offspring Speciation – result of natural selection

process by which the organism best suited to their environment survive and reproduce 1.Variation exists within populations. 2.Organisms compete for limited natural resources. 3.Organisms produce more offspring than can survive. 4.Individuals with traits suitable for their habitat survive and reproduce. Natural Selection Four principles of Natural Selection

Types of Natural Selection

Isolating Mechanisms Behavioral Isolation  Differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive behaviors Geographic Isolation  Two populations are separated by geographic barriers such as river, mountains, or other bodies of water Temporal Isolation  Two or more species reproduce at different times.

Coevolution When two species each evolve in response to changes in the other.

Adaptive Radiation Process by which a single species or small group of species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways; rapid growth in the diversity of a group of organisms

Convergent Evolution Unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

Extinction When all members of a population die.

Concept: Biodiversity and Population Survival What is the relationship between the amount of biodiversity and the ability of a population to adapt to a changing environment? (SPI , CLE )

Biodiversity Refers to the differences among living things. The more differences there are, the more options a species has to change and adapt to new situations, enabling the species to live on.

Concept: Evolution and Classification What evidence supports the theory of evolution? (CLE ) How does evolution contribute to the amount of biodiversity? (CLE ) How does evidence from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, amino acid sequences, and DNA structure support modern classifications systems? (CLE , SPI ) How do you use modern classification systems to demonstrate the genetic relatedness of organisms? ( , SPI ) How does fossil data show biological and geological changes in the environment? ( ) How do you use a dichotomous key to identify and unknown organism? ( )

Classification Taxonomy – the field of biology devoted to the classification of organisms

Domain 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya

Bacteria 1.Eubacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular Cell walls made of peptidoglycan

Archaea 1.Archaebacteria Prokaryotes Unicellular Cell walls do NOT have peptidoglycan

Eukarya 1.Protista 2.Fungi 3.Plantae 4.Animalia

Eukarya All eukaryotes Protists and fungi – unicellular or multicellular Plants and animals – multicellular See table on page 148 of Coach book.

Binomial Nomenclature Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name First name: genus Second name: species Felis domestica Canis familiaris Musca domestica Naja naja Homo sapien

Phylogeny Study of the evolutionary history of related species Phylogenetic tree – diagram showing the emergence of a species

Fossils The remains or traces of organism that lived in the past. Fossil record provides clues about how past organisms are related to each other.